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Calcium vs Gadolinium


Gadolinium vs Calcium


Periodic Table

Symbol
Ca   
Gd   

Group Number
2   
16
0   
18

Period Number
4   
6   

Block
s block   
f block   

Element Family
Alkaline Earth   
Lanthanide   

CAS Number
7440702   
21
7440542   
33

Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   

Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  

Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
Humphry Davy   
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac   

Discovery
In 1808   
In 1880   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-3 %   
3
2 * 10-7 %   
22

Abundance In Sun
~0.007 %   
4
~0.0000002 %   
25

Abundance In Meteorites
1.10 %   
4
0.00 %   
34

Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.00 %   
3
0.00 %   
30

Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
5
0.00 %   
38

Abundance In Humans
1.40 %   
1
Not Available   

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  

Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   

Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
NA   

Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   

Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   

In Blood
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3   
4
Not Available   

In Bone
170,000.00 p.p.m.   
1
Not Available   

Physical Properties

Melting Point
839.00 °C   
99+
1,311.00 °C   
35

Boiling Point
1,484.00 °C   
99+
3,233.00 °C   
25

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Solid   

Color
Gray   
Silvery White   

Luster
NA   
Metallic   

Hardness
  
  

Mohs Hardness
1.75   
17
Not Available   

Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa   
99+
Not Available   

Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
510.00 MPa   
22

Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s   
19
2,680.00 m/s   
34

Optical Properties
  
  

Allotropes
No   
No   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Ca   
Gd   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
19   
20
26   
13

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
1.00   
99+
1.20   
39

Sanderson Electronegativity
0.95   
24
Not Available   

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.04   
34
1.11   
29

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.08   
17
Not Available   

Allen Electronegativity
1.03   
39
Not Available   

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
3.00   
9
2.80   
15

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
589.80 kJ/mol   
99+
593.40 kJ/mol   
99+

2nd Energy Level
1,145.40 kJ/mol   
99+
1,170.00 kJ/mol   
99+

3rd Energy Level
4,912.40 kJ/mol   
7
1,990.00 kJ/mol   
99+

4th Energy Level
6,491.00 kJ/mol   
7
4,250.00 kJ/mol   
30

5th Energy Level
8,153.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   

6th Energy Level
10,496.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   

7th Energy level
12,270.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   

8th Energy Level
14,206.00 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   

9th Energy Level
18,191.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   

10th Energy Level
20,385.00 kJ/mol   
16
Not Available   

11th Energy Level
57,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   

12th Energy Level
63,410.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   

13th Energy Level
70,110.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   

14th Energy Level
78,890.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   

15th Energy Level
86,310.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   

16th Energy Level
94,000.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   

17th Energy Level
104,900.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   

18th Energy Level
111,711.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   

Electrochemical Equivalent
0.75 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.96 g/amp-hr   
32

Electron Work Function
2.87 eV   
38
3.10 eV   
35

Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
20   
99+
64   
99+

Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s2   
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2   

Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   

Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
20   
99+
64   
99+

Number of Neutrons
20   
99+
93   
37

Number of Electrons
20   
99+
64   
99+

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
197.00 pm   
6
180.00 pm   
14

Covalent Radius
176.00 pm   
22
196.00 pm   
14

Van der Waals Radius
231.00 pm   
19
237.00 pm   
15

Atomic Weight
40.08 amu   
99+
47.87 amu   
99+

Atomic Volume
29.90 cm3/mol   
7
19.90 cm3/mol   
20

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Potassium
  
Europium
  

Next Element
Scandium
  
Terbium
  

Valence Electron Potential
29.00 (-eV)   
99+
46.10 (-eV)   
34

Lattice Constant
558.84 pm   
9
363.60 pm   
32

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   

Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.59   
9

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
1.55 g/cm3   
99+
7.90 g/cm3   
99+

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.38 g/cm3   
99+
7.40 g/cm3   
31

Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.50 (Pa)   
3
0.00 (Pa)   
30

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
7.39 (Pa)   
9

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
7.40 GPa   
99+
21.80 GPa   
33

Bulk Modulus
17.00 GPa   
99+
37.90 GPa   
34

Young's Modulus
20.00 GPa   
99+
54.80 GPa   
35

Poisson Ratio
0.31   
13
0.26   
23

Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
4.58   
99+
7.90   
40

Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Ferromagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   

Resistivity
33.60 nΩ·m   
99+
1.31 nΩ·m   
99+

Electrical Conductivity
0.30 106/cm Ω   
6
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+

Electron Affinity
2.37 kJ/mol   
39
50.00 kJ/mol   
21

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.63 J/(kg K)   
7
0.23 J/(kg K)   
27

Molar Heat Capacity
25.93 J/mol·K   
34
37.03 J/mol·K   
2

Thermal Conductivity
201.00 W/m·K   
5
10.60 W/m·K   
99+

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   

Thermal Expansion
22.30 µm/(m·K)   
19
9.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
359.40 kJ/mol   
21

Enthalpy of Fusion
8.54 kJ/mol   
99+
10.05 kJ/mol   
36

Enthalpy of Atomization
184.00 kJ/mol   
99+
352.00 kJ/mol   
27

Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K   
36
68.10 J/mol.K   
16

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