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Gadolinium vs Lead

Gadolinium
Lead
Lead vs Gadolinium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd  
Pb  
Group Number
0  
18
14  
4
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440542  
33
7439921  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
-  
Discovery
In 1880  
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
Physical
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C  
35
327.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C  
26
1,740.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.50  
10
1.50  
19
Brinell Hardness
700.00 MPa  
17
38.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa  
34
38.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.97  
16
2.02  
14
Reflectivity
59.00 %  
24
5.00 %  
39
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Gd  
Pb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
35  
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20  
40
1.87  
14
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.20  
32
2.29  
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.55  
12
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.20  
39
2.41  
2
Allen Electronegativity
1.20  
99+
1.85  
11
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80  
15
1.67  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
40
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
6th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
8th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
9th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
10th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
11th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
12th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
17
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
14th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
36
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
16th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
37
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
17th Energy Level
594.10 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
18th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
19th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
20th Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
21st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
23rd Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
25th Energy Level
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
26th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
27th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
28th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
29th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
30th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr  
36
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV  
99+
4.25 eV  
28
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
64  
99+
82  
34
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
64  
99+
82  
34
Number of Neutrons
93  
38
125  
20
Number of Electrons
64  
99+
82  
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
175.00 pm  
21
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm  
14
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
202.00 pm  
34
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu  
99+
207.20 amu  
30
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Europium
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Terbium
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)  
35
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm  
35
495.08 pm  
18
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
29
1.51  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
11.34 g/cm3  
35
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3  
99+
10.66 g/cm3  
36
Tensile Strength
158.00 MPa  
23
12.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
29
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
32
1.64 (Pa)  
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)  
9
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa  
99+
5.60 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa  
38
16.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
23
0.44  
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.90  
99+
11.35  
38
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
4
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K  
3
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
35.30 W/m·K  
39
Critical Temperature
1,585.00 K  
38
600.61 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol  
30
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol  
99+
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol  
36
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
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