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Lead vs Cerium

Lead
Cerium
Cerium vs Lead


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb  
Ce  
Group Number
14  
4
Not Available  
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7439921  
99+
7440451  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
2
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown  
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger  
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %  
16
1 * 10-6 %  
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %  
18
~0.0000004 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
26
0.01 %  
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
8
Not Available  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Moderately Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
30
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
2.70 p.p.m.  
14
Physical Properties
Melting Point
327.50 °C  
99+
795.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C  
99+
3,257.00 °C  
23
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
18
2.50  
14
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
186.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
Not Available  
210.00 MPa  
32
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
2,100.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pb  
Ce  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
30  
9
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87  
13
1.12  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29  
4
Not Available  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55  
11
1.08  
31
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41  
2
Not Available  
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
8
Not Available  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67  
99+
2.88  
11
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
1,949.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
35
3,547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
20
6,325.00 kJ/mol  
22
6th Energy Level
Not Available  
7,490.00 kJ/mol  
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
1.74 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV  
21
2.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
82  
34
58  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82  
34
58  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
19
82  
99+
Number of Electrons
82  
34
58  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm  
19
181.80 pm  
12
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
38
204.00 pm  
8
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm  
27
235.00 pm  
17
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu  
30
140.12 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol  
27
20.67 cm3/mol  
17
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Lanthanum
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Praseodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
41.78 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm  
16
362.00 pm  
34
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3  
33
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3  
15
6.55 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa  
20
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)  
7
0.00 (Pa)  
34
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available  
1.04 (Pa)  
13
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa  
99+
13.50 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
24
21.50 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa  
99+
33.60 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.24  
27
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35  
25
6.77  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
828.00 nΩ·m  
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
36
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol  
28
50.00 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
39
0.19 J/(kg K)  
32
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K  
26
26.94 J/mol·K  
23
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K  
38
11.30 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
6.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
414.00 kJ/mol  
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
5.46 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
381.00 kJ/mol  
23
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K  
17
72.00 J/mol.K  
12
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