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Cerium vs Polonium

Cerium
Polonium
Polonium vs Cerium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce   
Po   
Group Number
Not Available   
16   
2
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
p block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440451   
99+
7440086   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Pm-3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
221.00   
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Mining, Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger   
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1898   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
27
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
18
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
33
0.00 %   
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
30
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.   
14
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
795.00 °C   
99+
254.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C   
23
962.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Lustrous   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa   
99+
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa   
32
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s   
99+
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-polonium   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-polonium   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ce   
Po   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30   
9
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12   
99+
2.00   
7
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08   
31
1.76   
2
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.48   
1
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.19   
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88   
11
2.00   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol   
99+
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol   
22
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr   
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV   
39
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
58   
99+
84   
32
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Monoclinic (MON)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100   
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
58   
99+
84   
32
Number of Neutrons
82   
99+
125   
19
Number of Electrons
58   
99+
84   
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm   
12
168.00 pm   
23
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm   
8
140.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm   
17
197.00 pm   
29
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu   
99+
209.00 amu   
28
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol   
17
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lanthanum
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Praseodymium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)   
99+
Not Available   
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm   
34
335.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3   
99+
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3   
38
9.40 g/cm3   
19
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
34
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)   
13
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
27
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77   
99+
9.32   
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Nonmagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m   
3
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)   
32
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K   
23
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K   
99+
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol   
16
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol   
99+
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol   
23
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K   
12
Not Available   
Periodic Table >>
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