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Cerium vs Polonium

Cerium
Polonium
Polonium vs Cerium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce  
Po  
Group Number
3  
15
16  
2
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440451  
99+
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
27
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
18
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
30
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.  
14
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
795.00 °C  
99+
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C  
24
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Lustrous  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa  
99+
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa  
99+
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.20  
9
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
68.00 %  
15
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ce  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30  
9
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.12  
37
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08  
32
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88  
11
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol  
37
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol  
38
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,650.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
534.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
24
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
26
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV  
99+
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
58  
99+
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
58  
99+
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
82  
99+
125  
20
Number of Electrons
58  
99+
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm  
14
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm  
8
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm  
21
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu  
99+
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol  
27
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lanthanum
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Praseodymium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)  
99+
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm  
38
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
31
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3  
99+
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
270.00 MPa  
17
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
36
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)  
13
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa  
99+
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
27
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
7
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m  
3
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K  
30
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K  
99+
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,071.00 K  
99+
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol  
22
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol  
99+
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol  
31
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K  
12
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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