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Polonium vs Cerium

Polonium
Cerium
Cerium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Ce  
Group Number
16  
2
Not Available  
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7440451  
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
221.00  
3
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available  
1 * 10-6 %  
16
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %  
~0.0000004 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available  
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available  
0.01 %  
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
33
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
NA  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Moderately Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
30
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
36
2.70 p.p.m.  
14
Physical Properties
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
795.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
3,257.00 °C  
23
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
NA  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available  
2.50  
14
Brinell Hardness
Not Available  
186.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
Not Available  
210.00 MPa  
32
Speed of Sound
Not Available  
2,100.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Po  
Ce  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
30  
9
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
7
1.12  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
2
1.08  
31
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
Not Available  
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
Not Available  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.88  
11
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
Not Available  
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available  
1,949.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available  
3,547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available  
6,325.00 kJ/mol  
22
6th Energy Level
Not Available  
7,490.00 kJ/mol  
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
1.74 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available  
2.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
84  
32
58  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
58  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
19
82  
99+
Number of Electrons
84  
32
58  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
23
181.80 pm  
12
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
204.00 pm  
8
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
29
235.00 pm  
17
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
140.12 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
13
20.67 cm3/mol  
17
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Lanthanum
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Praseodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available  
41.78 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
362.00 pm  
34
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
19
6.55 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available  
0.00 (Pa)  
34
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available  
1.04 (Pa)  
13
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available  
13.50 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
Not Available  
21.50 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
Not Available  
33.60 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available  
0.24  
27
Other Mechanical Properties
NA  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
31
6.77  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
828.00 nΩ·m  
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
50.00 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
40
0.19 J/(kg K)  
32
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
28
26.94 J/mol·K  
23
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
11.30 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
6.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
414.00 kJ/mol  
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
26
5.46 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
381.00 kJ/mol  
23
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available  
72.00 J/mol.K  
12
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