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Polonium Cerium Comparison

Polonium
Cerium
Cerium Polonium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po   
Ce   
Group Number
16   
2
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
p block   
f block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440086   
99+
7440451   
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
221.00   
3
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger   
Discovery
In 1898   
In 1803   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0000004 %   
23
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.01 %   
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
33
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Moderately Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
30
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
2.70 p.p.m.   
14
Physical Properties
Melting Point
254.00 °C   
99+
795.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
962.00 °C   
99+
3,257.00 °C   
23
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
2.50   
14
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
186.00 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
210.00 MPa   
32
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
2,100.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
Yes   
No   
α Allotropes
α-polonium   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
β-polonium   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Po   
Ce   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29   
10
30   
9
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00   
7
1.12   
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76   
2
1.08   
31
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48   
1
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
2.19   
2
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00   
99+
2.88   
11
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
534.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
Not Available   
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available   
1,949.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
3,547.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,325.00 kJ/mol   
22
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,490.00 kJ/mol   
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
1.74 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
2.84 eV   
39
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
84   
32
58   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84   
32
58   
99+
Number of Neutrons
125   
19
82   
99+
Number of Electrons
84   
32
58   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm   
23
181.80 pm   
12
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm   
99+
204.00 pm   
8
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm   
29
235.00 pm   
17
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu   
28
140.12 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
20.67 cm3/mol   
17
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Lanthanum
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Praseodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available   
41.78 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm   
99+
362.00 pm   
34
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
6.77 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3   
19
6.55 g/cm3   
38
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
34
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
1.04 (Pa)   
13
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
13.50 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
21.50 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
33.60 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.24   
27
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
6.77   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
828.00 nΩ·m   
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.19 J/(kg K)   
32
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
26.94 J/mol·K   
23
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
11.30 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
6.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
414.00 kJ/mol   
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
5.46 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
381.00 kJ/mol   
23
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
72.00 J/mol.K   
12
Summary >>
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