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Polonium vs Promethium

Polonium
Promethium
Promethium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po   
Pm   
Group Number
16   
2
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
p block   
f block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440086   
99+
7440122   
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m   
Not Available   
Space Group Number
221.00   
3
Not Available   
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Discovery
In 1898   
In 1942   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
NA   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
254.00 °C   
99+
1,042.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
962.00 °C   
99+
3,000.00 °C   
31
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Unknown   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
Yes   
No   
α Allotropes
α-polonium   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
β-polonium   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Po   
Pm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29   
10
27   
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00   
7
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76   
2
1.07   
32
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48   
1
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
2.19   
2
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00   
99+
Not Available   
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
Not Available   
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available   
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
84   
32
61   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84   
32
61   
99+
Number of Neutrons
125   
19
84   
40
Number of Electrons
84   
32
61   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm   
23
183.00 pm   
10
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm   
99+
199.00 pm   
12
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm   
29
236.00 pm   
16
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu   
28
145.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Neodymium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Samarium
  
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available   
44.10 (-eV)   
39
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm   
99+
Not Available   
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Unknown   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3   
19
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
18.00 GPa   
36
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
33.00 GPa   
36
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
46.00 GPa   
38
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.28   
17
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
7.26   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
Not Available   
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