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Promethium vs Polonium

Promethium
Polonium
Polonium vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm  
Po  
Group Number
3  
15
16  
2
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440122  
99+
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
-  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1942  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
-  
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C  
99+
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C  
32
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
400.00 MPa  
34
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.70  
27
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pm  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27  
12
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.13  
36
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
540.50 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr  
40
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
5.30 eV  
5
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
61  
99+
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61  
99+
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
84  
99+
125  
20
Number of Electrons
61  
99+
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm  
12
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm  
12
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm  
20
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu  
99+
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol  
21
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)  
40
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
-  
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.63  
14
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
31
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa  
99+
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
17
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
25
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m  
99+
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
27.60 J/mol·K  
20
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K  
99+
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,315.00 K  
99+
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
289.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol  
99+
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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