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Cerium vs Lead

Cerium
Lead
Lead vs Cerium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce  
Pb  
Group Number
3  
15
14  
4
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440451  
99+
7439921  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger  
-  
Discovery
In 1803  
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
18
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
30
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.  
14
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
Physical
Melting Point
795.00 °C  
99+
327.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C  
24
1,740.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
1.50  
19
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa  
99+
38.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa  
99+
38.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s  
99+
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.20  
9
2.02  
14
Reflectivity
68.00 %  
15
5.00 %  
39
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ce  
Pb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30  
9
35  
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
1.87  
14
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.12  
37
2.29  
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08  
32
1.55  
12
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
2.41  
2
Allen Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
1.85  
11
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88  
11
1.67  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol  
37
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol  
38
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
8th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
9th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
10th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
11th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
12th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,650.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
14th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
16th Energy Level
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
17th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
18th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
19th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
20th Energy Level
534.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
21st Energy Level
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
24
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
23rd Energy Level
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
26
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
25th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
26th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
27th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
28th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
29th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
30th Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV  
99+
4.25 eV  
28
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
58  
99+
82  
34
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
58  
99+
82  
34
Number of Neutrons
82  
99+
125  
20
Number of Electrons
58  
99+
82  
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm  
14
175.00 pm  
21
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm  
8
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm  
21
202.00 pm  
34
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu  
99+
207.20 amu  
30
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol  
27
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lanthanum
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Praseodymium
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)  
99+
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm  
38
495.08 pm  
18
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
31
1.51  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
11.34 g/cm3  
35
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3  
99+
10.66 g/cm3  
36
Tensile Strength
270.00 MPa  
17
12.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
29
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
36
1.64 (Pa)  
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)  
13
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa  
99+
5.60 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa  
99+
16.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
27
0.44  
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77  
99+
11.35  
38
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
7
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m  
3
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K  
30
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K  
99+
35.30 W/m·K  
39
Critical Temperature
1,071.00 K  
99+
600.61 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol  
22
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol  
99+
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol  
31
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K  
12
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
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