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Cerium vs Lead

Cerium
Lead
Lead vs Cerium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce   
Pb   
Group Number
Not Available   
14   
4
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
p block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440451   
99+
7439921   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger   
Unknown   
Discovery
In 1803   
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~0.000001 %   
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
27
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
18
0.00 %   
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
33
0.00 %   
22
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
30
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3   
11
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.   
14
30.00 p.p.m.   
10
Physical Properties
Melting Point
795.00 °C   
99+
327.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C   
23
1,740.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
1.50   
18
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa   
99+
38.00 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa   
32
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s   
99+
1,190.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ce   
Pb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30   
9
35   
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12   
99+
1.87   
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.29   
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08   
31
1.55   
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.41   
2
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.85   
8
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88   
11
1.67   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol   
99+
715.60 kJ/mol   
31
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,450.50 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,081.50 kJ/mol   
23
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,083.00 kJ/mol   
35
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol   
22
6,640.00 kJ/mol   
20
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr   
99+
3.87 g/amp-hr   
9
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV   
39
4.25 eV   
21
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
58   
99+
82   
34
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
58   
99+
82   
34
Number of Neutrons
82   
99+
125   
19
Number of Electrons
58   
99+
82   
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm   
12
175.00 pm   
19
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm   
8
146.00 pm   
38
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm   
17
202.00 pm   
27
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu   
99+
207.20 amu   
30
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol   
17
18.17 cm3/mol   
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lanthanum
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Praseodymium
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)   
99+
24.20 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm   
34
495.08 pm   
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3   
99+
11.34 g/cm3   
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3   
38
10.66 g/cm3   
15
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
12.00 MPa   
20
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
34
1.64 (Pa)   
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)   
13
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa   
99+
5.60 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa   
99+
46.00 GPa   
24
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa   
99+
16.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
27
0.44   
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77   
99+
11.35   
25
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m   
3
208.00 nΩ·m   
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.05 106/cm Ω   
36
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
35.10 kJ/mol   
28
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)   
32
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K   
23
26.65 J/mol·K   
26
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K   
99+
35.30 W/m·K   
38
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
28.90 µm/(m·K)   
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol   
16
179.40 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol   
99+
4.77 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol   
23
194.60 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K   
12
64.80 J/mol.K   
17
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