Cerium vs Lead
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce
Pb
Group Number
Not Available
14
4
Period Number
6
6
Block
f block
p block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440451
99+
7439921
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Unknown
Discovery
In 1803
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
23
~0.000001 %
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
27
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
18
0.00 %
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
33
0.00 %
22
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
30
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3
11
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.
14
30.00 p.p.m.
10
Physical Properties
Melting Point
795.00 °C
99+
327.50 °C
99+
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C
23
1,740.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gray
Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
1.50
18
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa
99+
38.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa
32
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s
99+
1,190.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ce
Pb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
30
9
35
4
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12
99+
1.87
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.29
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08
31
1.55
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
2.41
2
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.85
8
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88
11
1.67
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol
99+
715.60 kJ/mol
31
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,450.50 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,081.50 kJ/mol
23
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol
99+
4,083.00 kJ/mol
35
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol
22
6,640.00 kJ/mol
20
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol
21
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr
99+
3.87 g/amp-hr
9
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV
39
4.25 eV
21
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
58
99+
82
34
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
58
99+
82
34
Number of Neutrons
82
99+
125
19
Number of Electrons
58
99+
82
34
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm
12
175.00 pm
19
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm
8
146.00 pm
38
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm
17
202.00 pm
27
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu
99+
207.20 amu
30
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol
17
18.17 cm3/mol
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)
99+
24.20 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm
34
495.08 pm
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3
99+
11.34 g/cm3
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3
38
10.66 g/cm3
15
Tensile Strength
Not Available
12.00 MPa
20
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
34
1.64 (Pa)
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)
13
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa
99+
5.60 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa
99+
46.00 GPa
24
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa
99+
16.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.24
27
0.44
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.77
99+
11.35
25
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m
3
208.00 nΩ·m
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.05 106/cm Ω
36
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
35.10 kJ/mol
28
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)
32
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K
23
26.65 J/mol·K
26
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K
99+
35.30 W/m·K
38
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
28.90 µm/(m·K)
13
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol
16
179.40 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol
99+
4.77 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol
23
194.60 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K
12
64.80 J/mol.K
17
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