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Lead vs Promethium

Lead
Promethium
Promethium vs Lead


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb   
Pm   
Group Number
14   
4
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
p block   
f block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7439921   
99+
7440122   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Not Available   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
Not Available   
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)   
In 1942   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %   
18
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
23
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
26
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
22
Not Available   
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
8
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
NA   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3   
11
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.   
10
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
327.50 °C   
99+
1,042.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C   
99+
3,000.00 °C   
31
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Unknown   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa   
99+
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s   
99+
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pb   
Pm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35   
4
27   
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87   
13
Not Available   
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29   
4
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55   
11
1.07   
32
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41   
2
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.85   
8
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67   
99+
Not Available   
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol   
31
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol   
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol   
23
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol   
35
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol   
20
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr   
9
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV   
21
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
82   
34
61   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2   
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82   
34
61   
99+
Number of Neutrons
125   
19
84   
40
Number of Electrons
82   
34
61   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm   
19
183.00 pm   
10
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
199.00 pm   
12
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm   
27
236.00 pm   
16
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu   
30
145.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol   
27
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Neodymium
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Samarium
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)   
99+
44.10 (-eV)   
39
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm   
16
Not Available   
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Unknown   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3   
33
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3   
15
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa   
20
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)   
7
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa   
99+
18.00 GPa   
36
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa   
24
33.00 GPa   
36
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa   
99+
46.00 GPa   
38
Poisson Ratio
0.44   
3
0.28   
17
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35   
25
7.26   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m   
16
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω   
36
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol   
28
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K   
26
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K   
38
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)   
13
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol   
99+
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol   
99+
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K   
17
Not Available   
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