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Lead vs Promethium

Lead
Promethium
Promethium vs Lead


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb  
Pm  
Group Number
14  
4
3  
15
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7439921  
99+
7440122  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
-  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe  
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
In 1942  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
18
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
23
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
327.50 °C  
99+
1,042.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C  
99+
3,000.00 °C  
32
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
-  
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
400.00 MPa  
34
Vickers Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
600.00 MPa  
28
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.02  
14
1.70  
27
Reflectivity
5.00 %  
39
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pb  
Pm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
27  
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87  
14
1.13  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29  
4
1.13  
36
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55  
12
1.07  
33
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41  
2
1.13  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
11
1.13  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67  
99+
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
2,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
540.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
1.80 g/amp-hr  
40
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV  
28
5.30 eV  
5
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
82  
34
61  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
[Xe] 4f5 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82  
34
61  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
84  
99+
Number of Electrons
82  
34
61  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm  
21
183.00 pm  
12
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
199.00 pm  
12
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm  
34
236.00 pm  
20
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu  
30
145.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
22.39 cm3/mol  
21
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Neodymium
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Samarium
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
44.10 (-eV)  
40
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm  
18
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.51  
99+
1.63  
14
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3  
35
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3  
36
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa  
99+
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
29
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)  
7
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
31
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa  
99+
18.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
33.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.28  
17
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35  
38
7.26  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
11
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
25
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
0.75 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
27.60 J/mol·K  
20
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K  
39
17.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
600.61 K  
99+
1,315.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
9.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
289.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
7.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
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