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Promethium vs Gallium

Promethium
Gallium
Gallium vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm  
Ga  
Group Number
3  
15
13  
5
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440122  
99+
7440553  
32
Space Group Name
-  
Cmca  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
64.00  
12
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe  
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
Discovery
In 1942  
In 1875  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
13
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C  
99+
29.78 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C  
32
2,403.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
1.50  
19
Brinell Hardness
400.00 MPa  
34
56.80 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
111.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
2,740.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.70  
27
1.81  
20
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
36.00 %  
33
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pm  
Ga  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27  
12
24  
15
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.81  
16
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.13  
36
2.42  
2
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.82  
2
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
2.01  
9
Allen Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.76  
17
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
2.19  
40
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,979.30 kJ/mol  
13
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,963.00 kJ/mol  
28
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
16
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
20
13th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
540.50 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr  
40
0.87 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.30 eV  
5
4.20 eV  
30
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
61  
99+
31  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2  
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100  
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61  
99+
31  
99+
Number of Neutrons
84  
99+
39  
99+
Number of Electrons
61  
99+
31  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm  
12
135.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm  
12
122.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm  
20
187.00 pm  
39
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu  
99+
69.72 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol  
21
11.80 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Zinc
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Rubidium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)  
40
69.70 (-eV)  
19
Lattice Constant
-  
451.97 pm  
20
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.63  
14
1.30  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
5.91 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
6.10 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
41.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
15
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
31
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa  
99+
7.20 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa  
99+
37.30 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
9.80 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
17
0.47  
1
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26  
99+
5.91  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
11
Susceptibility
0.00  
25
0.00  
7
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m  
99+
270.00 nΩ·m  
15
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
34
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
28.90 kJ/mol  
37
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
0.37 J/(kg K)  
16
Molar Heat Capacity
27.60 J/mol·K  
20
25.86 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K  
99+
40.60 W/m·K  
34
Critical Temperature
1,315.00 K  
99+
302.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
18.00 µm/(m·K)  
26
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
289.00 kJ/mol  
99+
256.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol  
99+
5.59 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
276.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
40.80 J/mol.K  
99+
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