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Gallium vs Promethium

Gallium
Promethium
Promethium vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga   
Pm   
Group Number
13   
5
Not Available   
Period Number
4   
6   
Block
p block   
f block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440553   
32
7440122   
99+
Space Group Name
Cmca   
Not Available   
Space Group Number
64.00   
9
Not Available   
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran   
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Discovery
In 1875   
In 1942   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
16
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
24
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
22
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
NA   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3   
13
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C   
99+
1,042.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C   
99+
3,000.00 °C   
31
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Unknown   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa   
99+
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s   
31
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga   
Pm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24   
15
27   
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81   
15
Not Available   
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42   
2
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82   
1
1.07   
32
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01   
5
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.76   
14
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19   
39
Not Available   
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol   
99+
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol   
13
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol   
28
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol   
8
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV   
23
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31   
99+
61   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1   
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31   
99+
61   
99+
Number of Neutrons
39   
99+
84   
40
Number of Electrons
31   
99+
61   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm   
99+
183.00 pm   
10
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm   
99+
199.00 pm   
12
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm   
32
236.00 pm   
16
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu   
99+
145.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol   
99+
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Neodymium
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Samarium
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)   
19
44.10 (-eV)   
39
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm   
18
Not Available   
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Unknown   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3   
99+
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
15
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
18.00 GPa   
36
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
33.00 GPa   
36
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa   
99+
46.00 GPa   
38
Poisson Ratio
0.47   
1
0.28   
17
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91   
99+
7.26   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m   
15
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
29
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)   
16
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K   
35
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K   
34
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)   
24
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol   
36
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol   
99+
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol   
39
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K   
38
Not Available   
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