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Promethium vs Lead

Promethium
Lead
Lead vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm   
Pb   
Group Number
Not Available   
14   
4
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
p block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440122   
99+
7439921   
99+
Space Group Name
Not Available   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
Not Available   
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Unknown   
Discovery
In 1942   
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.000001 %   
18
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
26
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
22
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
NA   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3   
11
In Bone
Not Available   
30.00 p.p.m.   
10
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C   
99+
327.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C   
31
1,740.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Unknown   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
1.50   
18
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
38.00 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
1,190.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pm   
Pb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27   
12
35   
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.87   
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.29   
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07   
32
1.55   
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.41   
2
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.85   
8
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available   
1.67   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
715.60 kJ/mol   
31
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,450.50 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,081.50 kJ/mol   
23
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
4,083.00 kJ/mol   
35
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,640.00 kJ/mol   
20
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
3.87 g/amp-hr   
9
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
4.25 eV   
21
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
61   
99+
82   
34
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61   
99+
82   
34
Number of Neutrons
84   
40
125   
19
Number of Electrons
61   
99+
82   
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm   
10
175.00 pm   
19
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm   
12
146.00 pm   
38
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm   
16
202.00 pm   
27
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu   
99+
207.20 amu   
30
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
18.17 cm3/mol   
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)   
39
24.20 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
Not Available   
495.08 pm   
16
Lattice Angles
Unknown   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
11.34 g/cm3   
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
10.66 g/cm3   
15
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
12.00 MPa   
20
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
1.64 (Pa)   
7
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa   
36
5.60 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa   
36
46.00 GPa   
24
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa   
38
16.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
17
0.44   
3
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26   
99+
11.35   
25
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
208.00 nΩ·m   
16
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.05 106/cm Ω   
36
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
35.10 kJ/mol   
28
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
26.65 J/mol·K   
26
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
35.30 W/m·K   
38
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
28.90 µm/(m·K)   
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
179.40 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
4.77 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
194.60 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
64.80 J/mol.K   
17
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