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Promethium vs Lead

Promethium
Lead
Lead vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm  
Pb  
Group Number
3  
15
14  
4
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440122  
99+
7439921  
99+
Space Group Name
-  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe  
-  
Discovery
In 1942  
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
Physical
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C  
99+
327.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C  
32
1,740.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
1.50  
19
Brinell Hardness
400.00 MPa  
34
38.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
38.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.70  
27
2.02  
14
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
5.00 %  
39
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pm  
Pb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27  
12
35  
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.87  
14
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.13  
36
2.29  
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.55  
12
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
2.41  
2
Allen Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.85  
11
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
1.67  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
6th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
8th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
9th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
10th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
11th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
12th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
14th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
16th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
17th Energy Level
540.50 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
18th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
19th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
20th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
21st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
23rd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
25th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
26th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
27th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
28th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
29th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
30th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr  
40
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
Electron Work Function
5.30 eV  
5
4.25 eV  
28
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
61  
99+
82  
34
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61  
99+
82  
34
Number of Neutrons
84  
99+
125  
20
Number of Electrons
61  
99+
82  
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm  
12
175.00 pm  
21
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm  
12
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm  
20
202.00 pm  
34
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu  
99+
207.20 amu  
30
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol  
21
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)  
40
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
-  
495.08 pm  
18
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.63  
14
1.51  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
11.34 g/cm3  
35
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
10.66 g/cm3  
36
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
12.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
29
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
1.64 (Pa)  
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
31
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa  
99+
5.60 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
16.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
17
0.44  
3
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26  
99+
11.35  
38
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
25
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m  
99+
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
27.60 J/mol·K  
20
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K  
99+
35.30 W/m·K  
39
Critical Temperature
1,315.00 K  
99+
600.61 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
289.00 kJ/mol  
99+
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol  
99+
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
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