Gallium Niobium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga
Nb
Group Number
13
5
5
13
Period Number
4
5
Block
p block
d block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440553
32
7440031
99+
Space Group Name
Cmca
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
64.00
9
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Charles Hatchett
Discovery
In 1875
In 1801
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.0000004 %
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
16
0.00 %
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
24
0.00 %
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
22
0.00 %
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3
13
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
In Bone
Not Available
0.07 p.p.m.
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C
99+
2,468.00 °C
6
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C
99+
2,468.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.50
18
6.00
6
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa
99+
735.00 MPa
14
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
870.00 MPa
12
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s
31
3,480.00 m/s
21
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga
Nb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
24
15
17
22
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81
15
1.60
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42
2
1.42
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82
1
1.23
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01
5
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.76
14
1.41
31
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19
39
2.40
31
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol
99+
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol
13
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol
28
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol
8
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
6th Energy Level
Not Available
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV
23
4.30 eV
18
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31
99+
41
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
31
99+
41
99+
Number of Neutrons
39
99+
52
99+
Number of Electrons
31
99+
41
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm
99+
146.00 pm
35
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm
99+
164.00 pm
28
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm
32
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu
99+
92.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol
99+
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)
19
104.00 (-eV)
8
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm
18
330.04 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3
99+
8.57 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3
99+
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
330.00 MPa
12
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
15
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
27
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
38.00 GPa
19
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
170.00 GPa
10
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa
99+
105.00 GPa
20
Poisson Ratio
0.47
1
0.40
4
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
5.91
99+
8.57
37
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m
15
152.00 nΩ·m
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
29
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol
31
86.10 kJ/mol
12
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)
16
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K
35
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K
34
53.70 W/m·K
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)
24
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol
36
696.60 kJ/mol
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol
99+
27.20 kJ/mol
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol
39
745.00 kJ/mol
4
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K
38
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
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