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Gallium vs Niobium

Gallium
Niobium
Niobium vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga  
Nb  
Group Number
13  
5
5  
13
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440553  
32
7440031  
99+
Space Group Name
Cmca  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
64.00  
12
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
Charles Hatchett  
Discovery
In 1875  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
13
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
Physical
Melting Point
29.78 °C  
99+
2,468.00 °C  
6
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C  
99+
2,468.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa  
99+
735.00 MPa  
15
Vickers Hardness
111.00 MPa  
99+
870.00 MPa  
19
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s  
99+
3,480.00 m/s  
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.81  
20
2.30  
8
Reflectivity
36.00 %  
33
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ga  
Nb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24  
15
17  
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81  
16
1.60  
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42  
2
1.42  
20
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82  
2
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01  
9
1.60  
22
Allen Electronegativity
1.76  
17
1.41  
35
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19  
40
2.40  
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol  
13
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol  
28
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
16
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
20
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
19th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
21st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
23rd Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
24th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
26th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
27th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
28th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
29th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV  
30
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
31  
99+
41  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1  
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31  
99+
41  
99+
Number of Neutrons
39  
99+
52  
99+
Number of Electrons
31  
99+
41  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm  
99+
146.00 pm  
37
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm  
99+
164.00 pm  
30
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm  
39
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu  
99+
92.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol  
99+
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)  
19
104.00 (-eV)  
8
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm  
20
330.04 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.30  
99+
1.47  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
41.00 MPa  
99+
330.00 MPa  
14
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
15
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.20 GPa  
99+
38.00 GPa  
20
Bulk Modulus
37.30 GPa  
99+
170.00 GPa  
10
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa  
99+
105.00 GPa  
22
Poisson Ratio
0.47  
1
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91  
99+
8.57  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
4
Susceptibility
0.00  
7
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m  
15
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
34
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol  
37
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)  
16
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K  
99+
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K  
34
53.70 W/m·K  
29
Critical Temperature
302.00 K  
99+
2,750.00 K  
7
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)  
26
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol  
99+
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol  
99+
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol  
99+
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K  
99+
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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