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Gallium vs Niobium

Gallium
Niobium
Niobium vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga   
Nb   
Group Number
13   
5
5   
13
Period Number
4   
5   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440553   
32
7440031   
99+
Space Group Name
Cmca   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
64.00   
9
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran   
Charles Hatchett   
Discovery
In 1875   
In 1801   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~0.0000004 %   
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
16
0.00 %   
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
24
0.00 %   
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
22
0.00 %   
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Low Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3   
13
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
25
In Bone
Not Available   
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C   
99+
2,468.00 °C   
6
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C   
99+
2,468.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
6.00   
6
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa   
99+
735.00 MPa   
14
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
870.00 MPa   
12
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s   
31
3,480.00 m/s   
21
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga   
Nb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24   
15
17   
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81   
15
1.60   
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42   
2
1.42   
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82   
1
1.23   
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01   
5
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.76   
14
1.41   
31
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19   
39
2.40   
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol   
99+
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol   
13
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol   
28
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol   
8
3,700.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,877.00 kJ/mol   
36
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,847.00 kJ/mol   
11
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,100.00 kJ/mol   
14
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV   
23
4.30 eV   
18
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31   
99+
41   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1   
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31   
99+
41   
99+
Number of Neutrons
39   
99+
52   
99+
Number of Electrons
31   
99+
41   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm   
99+
146.00 pm   
35
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm   
99+
164.00 pm   
28
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm   
32
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu   
99+
92.91 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol   
99+
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)   
19
104.00 (-eV)   
8
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm   
18
330.04 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3   
99+
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
330.00 MPa   
12
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
15
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
38.00 GPa   
19
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
170.00 GPa   
10
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa   
99+
105.00 GPa   
20
Poisson Ratio
0.47   
1
0.40   
4
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91   
99+
8.57   
37
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m   
15
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
29
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)   
16
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K   
35
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K   
34
53.70 W/m·K   
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)   
24
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol   
36
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol   
99+
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol   
39
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K   
38
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
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