Gallium Thorium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga
Th
Group Number
13
5
0
18
Period Number
4
7
Block
p block
f block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Actinide
CAS Number
7440553
32
7440326
99+
Space Group Name
Cmca
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
64.00
9
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Discovery
In 1875
In 1829
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
16
0.05 %
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
24
0.66 %
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
22
0.00 %
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3
13
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
In Bone
Not Available
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C
99+
1,750.00 °C
17
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C
99+
4,790.00 °C
8
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silver
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.50
18
3.00
12
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa
99+
390.00 MPa
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
295.00 MPa
29
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s
31
2,490.00 m/s
36
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga
Th
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
24
15
28
11
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81
15
1.30
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42
2
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82
1
1.11
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01
5
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.76
14
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19
39
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol
99+
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol
13
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol
28
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol
8
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV
23
3.41 eV
32
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31
99+
90
28
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
31
99+
90
28
Number of Neutrons
39
99+
142
15
Number of Electrons
31
99+
90
28
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm
99+
179.80 pm
15
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm
99+
206.00 pm
7
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm
32
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu
99+
232.04 amu
23
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol
99+
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)
19
59.30 (-eV)
23
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm
18
508.42 pm
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3
99+
11.72 g/cm3
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3
99+
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
15
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
22
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
31.00 GPa
21
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
54.00 GPa
22
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa
99+
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
0.47
1
0.27
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
5.91
99+
11.70
23
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m
15
157.00 nΩ·m
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
29
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol
31
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)
16
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K
35
26.23 J/mol·K
30
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K
34
54.00 W/m·K
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)
24
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol
36
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol
99+
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol
39
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K
38
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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