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Gallium vs Thorium

Gallium
Thorium
Thorium vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga  
Th  
Group Number
13  
5
0  
18
Period Number
4  
7  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440553  
32
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
Cmca  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
64.00  
9
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1875  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %  
16
3 * 10-4 %  
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %  
16
~0.0004 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
16
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
24
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
13
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
In Bone
Not Available  
0.02 p.p.m.  
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C  
99+
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
NA  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
18
3.00  
12
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa  
99+
390.00 MPa  
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available  
295.00 MPa  
29
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s  
31
2,490.00 m/s  
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24  
15
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81  
15
1.30  
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42  
2
Not Available  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82  
1
1.11  
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01  
5
Not Available  
Allen Electronegativity
1.76  
14
Not Available  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19  
39
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol  
13
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol  
28
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
8
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr  
24
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV  
23
3.41 eV  
32
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
39  
99+
142  
15
Number of Electrons
31  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm  
99+
179.80 pm  
15
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm  
99+
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm  
32
237.00 pm  
15
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)  
19
59.30 (-eV)  
23
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm  
18
508.42 pm  
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3  
99+
Not Available  
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
15
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available  
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available  
31.00 GPa  
21
Bulk Modulus
Not Available  
54.00 GPa  
22
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
24
Poisson Ratio
0.47  
1
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA  
Ductile  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91  
99+
11.70  
23
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m  
15
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
29
0.07 106/cm Ω  
31
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol  
31
Not Available  
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)  
16
0.12 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K  
35
26.23 J/mol·K  
30
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K  
34
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)  
24
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol  
36
429.00 kJ/mol  
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol  
99+
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol  
39
468.60 kJ/mol  
15
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K  
38
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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