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Gallium vs Mercury

Gallium
Mercury
Mercury vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga   
Hg   
Group Number
13   
5
12   
6
Period Number
4   
6   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440553   
32
7439976   
99+
Space Group Name
Cmca   
R_ 3m   
Space Group Number
64.00   
9
166.00   
6
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
  • A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
  • Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran   
Ancient Chinese and Indians   
Discovery
In 1875   
Before 2000 BCE   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
16
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
24
0.05 %   
9
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
22
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
  • It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Dentistry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3   
13
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
23
In Bone
Not Available   
0.45 p.p.m.   
19
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C   
99+
Not Available   
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C   
99+
356.58 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Liquid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa   
99+
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s   
31
1,451.40 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
1.00   
3
Reflectivity
Not Available   
73.00 %   
8
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga   
Hg   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24   
15
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81   
15
2.00   
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42   
2
2.20   
7
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82   
1
1.44   
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01   
5
1.81   
9
Allen Electronegativity
1.76   
14
1.44   
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19   
39
2.00   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol   
99+
1,007.10 kJ/mol   
4
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol   
13
1,810.00 kJ/mol   
20
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol   
28
3,300.00 kJ/mol   
20
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr   
99+
3.74 g/amp-hr   
10
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV   
23
4.49 eV   
15
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31   
99+
80   
36
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)   
Rhombohedral (RHO)   
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100   
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31   
99+
80   
36
Number of Neutrons
39   
99+
121   
22
Number of Electrons
31   
99+
80   
36
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm   
99+
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm   
99+
132.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm   
32
155.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu   
99+
200.59 amu   
32
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol   
99+
14.82 cm3/mol   
35
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Gold
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Thallium
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)   
19
28.20 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm   
18
300.50 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
NA   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3   
99+
13.53 g/cm3   
24
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
0.00   
1
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
15
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.47   
1
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91   
99+
13.53   
16
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m   
15
961.00 nΩ·m   
1
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
29
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)   
16
0.14 J/(kg K)   
38
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K   
35
27.98 J/mol·K   
13
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K   
34
8.30 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
1,750.00 K   
6
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)   
24
60.40 µm/(m·K)   
5
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol   
36
56.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol   
99+
2.29 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol   
39
61.50 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K   
38
75.80 J/mol.K   
6
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