Mercury vs Gallium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Hg
Ga
Group Number
12
6
13
5
Period Number
6
4
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7439976
99+
7440553
32
Space Group Name
R_ 3m
Cmca
Space Group Number
166.00
6
64.00
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
- At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
- A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
- Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
Sources
Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Ancient Chinese and Indians
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Discovery
Before 2000 BCE
In 1875
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
0.00 %
16
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.05 %
9
0.00 %
24
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
22
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
- It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
23
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3
13
In Bone
0.45 p.p.m.
19
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
Not Available
29.78 °C
99+
Boiling Point
356.58 °C
99+
2,403.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Liquid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery White
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
1.50
18
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
56.80 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
1,451.40 m/s
99+
2,740.00 m/s
31
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.00
3
Not Available
Reflectivity
73.00 %
8
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hg
Ga
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
34
5
24
15
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00
7
1.81
15
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20
7
2.42
2
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44
17
1.82
1
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.81
9
2.01
5
Allen Electronegativity
1.44
30
1.76
14
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00
99+
2.19
39
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol
4
578.80 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,810.00 kJ/mol
20
1,979.30 kJ/mol
13
3rd Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol
20
2,963.00 kJ/mol
28
4th Energy Level
Not Available
6,180.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.74 g/amp-hr
10
0.87 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.49 eV
15
4.20 eV
23
Other Chemical Properties
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
80
36
31
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
80
36
31
99+
Number of Neutrons
121
22
39
99+
Number of Electrons
80
36
31
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm
32
135.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm
99+
122.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
155.00 pm
99+
187.00 pm
32
Atomic Weight
200.59 amu
32
69.72 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
14.82 cm3/mol
35
11.80 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
28.20 (-eV)
99+
69.70 (-eV)
19
Lattice Constant
300.50 pm
99+
451.97 pm
18
Lattice Angles
NA
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
13.53 g/cm3
24
5.91 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
6.10 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
0.00
1
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
15
Elasticity properties
Young's Modulus
Not Available
9.80 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.47
1
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
13.53
16
5.91
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
961.00 nΩ·m
1
270.00 nΩ·m
15
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω
29
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
28.90 kJ/mol
31
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)
38
0.37 J/(kg K)
16
Molar Heat Capacity
27.98 J/mol·K
13
25.86 J/mol·K
35
Thermal Conductivity
8.30 W/m·K
99+
40.60 W/m·K
34
Critical Temperature
1,750.00 K
6
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
60.40 µm/(m·K)
5
18.00 µm/(m·K)
24
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
56.90 kJ/mol
99+
256.10 kJ/mol
36
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.29 kJ/mol
99+
5.59 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
61.50 kJ/mol
99+
276.10 kJ/mol
39
Standard Molar Entropy
75.80 J/mol.K
6
40.80 J/mol.K
38
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