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Mercury vs Gallium

Mercury
Gallium
Gallium vs Mercury


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hg   
Ga   
Group Number
12   
6
13   
5
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
d block   
p block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7439976   
99+
7440553   
32
Space Group Name
R_ 3m   
Cmca   
Space Group Number
166.00   
6
64.00   
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
  • A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
  • Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
  
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Ancient Chinese and Indians   
Lecoq de Boisbaudran   
Discovery
Before 2000 BCE   
In 1875   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
16
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.05 %   
9
0.00 %   
24
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
22
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
  • It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
  
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry   
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
23
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3   
13
In Bone
0.45 p.p.m.   
19
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
Not Available   
29.78 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
356.58 °C   
99+
2,403.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Liquid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
1.50   
18
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
56.80 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
1,451.40 m/s   
99+
2,740.00 m/s   
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00   
3
Not Available   
Reflectivity
73.00 %   
8
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hg   
Ga   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
24   
15
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00   
7
1.81   
15
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20   
7
2.42   
2
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.82   
1
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.81   
9
2.01   
5
Allen Electronegativity
1.44   
30
1.76   
14
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00   
99+
2.19   
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol   
4
578.80 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,810.00 kJ/mol   
20
1,979.30 kJ/mol   
13
3rd Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol   
20
2,963.00 kJ/mol   
28
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,180.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.74 g/amp-hr   
10
0.87 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.49 eV   
15
4.20 eV   
23
Other Chemical Properties
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
80   
36
31   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2   
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1   
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)   
Orthorhombic (ORTH)   
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100   
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
80   
36
31   
99+
Number of Neutrons
121   
22
39   
99+
Number of Electrons
80   
36
31   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
135.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm   
99+
122.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
155.00 pm   
99+
187.00 pm   
32
Atomic Weight
200.59 amu   
32
69.72 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
14.82 cm3/mol   
35
11.80 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gold
  
Zinc
  
Next Element
Thallium
  
Rubidium
  
Valence Electron Potential
28.20 (-eV)   
99+
69.70 (-eV)   
19
Lattice Constant
300.50 pm   
99+
451.97 pm   
18
Lattice Angles
NA   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.53 g/cm3   
24
5.91 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
6.10 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
0.00   
1
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
15
Elasticity properties
  
  
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
9.80 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.47   
1
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.53   
16
5.91   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
961.00 nΩ·m   
1
270.00 nΩ·m   
15
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω   
29
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)   
38
0.37 J/(kg K)   
16
Molar Heat Capacity
27.98 J/mol·K   
13
25.86 J/mol·K   
35
Thermal Conductivity
8.30 W/m·K   
99+
40.60 W/m·K   
34
Critical Temperature
1,750.00 K   
6
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
60.40 µm/(m·K)   
5
18.00 µm/(m·K)   
24
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
56.90 kJ/mol   
99+
256.10 kJ/mol   
36
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.29 kJ/mol   
99+
5.59 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
61.50 kJ/mol   
99+
276.10 kJ/mol   
39
Standard Molar Entropy
75.80 J/mol.K   
6
40.80 J/mol.K   
38
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