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Gallium vs Palladium

Gallium
Palladium
Palladium vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga  
Pd  
Group Number
13  
5
10  
8
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440553  
32
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
Cmca  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
64.00  
12
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1875  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
13
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
29.78 °C  
99+
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C  
99+
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa  
99+
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
111.00 MPa  
99+
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s  
99+
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.81  
20
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
36.00 %  
33
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ga  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24  
15
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81  
16
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42  
2
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82  
2
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01  
9
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.76  
17
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19  
40
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol  
13
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol  
28
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
16
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
20
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV  
30
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
31  
99+
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31  
99+
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
39  
99+
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
31  
99+
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm  
99+
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm  
99+
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm  
39
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu  
99+
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol  
99+
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)  
19
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm  
20
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.30  
99+
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3  
99+
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3  
99+
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
41.00 MPa  
99+
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
15
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.20 GPa  
99+
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
37.30 GPa  
99+
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa  
99+
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.47  
1
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91  
99+
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
7
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m  
15
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
34
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol  
37
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)  
16
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K  
99+
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K  
34
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
302.00 K  
99+
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)  
26
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol  
99+
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol  
99+
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol  
99+
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K  
99+
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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