Gallium vs Palladium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga
Pd
Group Number
13
5
10
8
Period Number
4
5
Block
p block
d block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440553
32
7440053
99+
Space Group Name
Cmca
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
64.00
9
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
- Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
- In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
- Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
William Hyde Wollaston
Discovery
In 1875
In 1803
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.0000003 %
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
16
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
24
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
22
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
- Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
- It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3
13
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C
99+
1,554.90 °C
22
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C
99+
2,963.00 °C
33
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silver
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.50
18
4.75
9
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa
99+
320.00 MPa
33
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
121.00 MPa
36
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s
31
3,070.00 m/s
26
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
Not Available
1.72
1
Reflectivity
Not Available
84.00 %
4
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga
Pd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
24
15
38
1
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81
15
2.20
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42
2
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82
1
1.35
21
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01
5
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.76
14
1.59
22
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19
39
1.80
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol
99+
520.23 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol
13
7,298.22 kJ/mol
2
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol
28
11,815.13 kJ/mol
3
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr
30
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV
23
5.12 eV
3
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31
99+
46
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
[Kr] 4d10
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
31
99+
46
99+
Number of Neutrons
39
99+
60
99+
Number of Electrons
31
99+
46
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm
99+
137.00 pm
40
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm
99+
139.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm
32
163.00 pm
40
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu
99+
106.42 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol
99+
8.90 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)
19
33.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm
18
389.07 pm
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3
99+
12.02 g/cm3
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3
99+
10.38 g/cm3
17
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
15
0.00 (Pa)
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
30
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
44.00 GPa
17
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
180.00 GPa
9
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa
99+
121.00 GPa
16
Poisson Ratio
0.47
1
0.39
5
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
5.91
99+
12.02
21
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m
15
105.40 nΩ·m
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
29
0.10 106/cm Ω
22
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol
31
54.23 kJ/mol
17
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)
16
0.24 J/(kg K)
23
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K
35
25.98 J/mol·K
33
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K
34
71.80 W/m·K
23
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)
24
11.80 µm/(m·K)
33
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol
36
376.60 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol
99+
16.74 kJ/mol
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol
39
393.30 kJ/mol
22
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K
38
37.60 J/mol.K
40
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