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Palladium vs Thallium

Palladium
Thallium
Thallium vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd   
Tl   
Group Number
10   
8
13   
5
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
p block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440053   
99+
7440280   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Ores of metals   
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston   
William Crookes   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %   
24
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C   
22
303.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C   
33
1,457.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75   
9
1.20   
20
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa   
33
26.50 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa   
36
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s   
26
818.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72   
1
Not Available   
Reflectivity
84.00 %   
4
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd   
Tl   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38   
1
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.62   
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.25   
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35   
21
1.44   
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.96   
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.59   
22
1.79   
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.38   
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV   
3
3.84 eV   
28
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46   
99+
81   
35
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46   
99+
81   
35
Number of Neutrons
60   
99+
123   
20
Number of Electrons
46   
99+
81   
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm   
40
170.00 pm   
22
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm   
99+
145.00 pm   
39
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm   
40
196.00 pm   
30
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu   
99+
204.38 amu   
31
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm   
25
345.66 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.60   
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3   
29
11.85 g/cm3   
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3   
17
11.22 g/cm3   
13
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa   
17
2.80 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
43.00 GPa   
28
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa   
16
8.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.39   
5
0.45   
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Ductile, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02   
21
11.85   
22
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K   
23
46.10 W/m·K   
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
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