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Thallium vs Palladium

Thallium
Palladium
Palladium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Pd   
Group Number
13   
5
10   
8
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440053   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
William Hyde Wollaston   
Discovery
In 1861   
In 1803   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000003 %   
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
Not Available   
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
1,554.90 °C   
22
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
2,963.00 °C   
33
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
4.75   
9
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
320.00 MPa   
33
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
121.00 MPa   
36
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
3,070.00 m/s   
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
1.72   
1
Reflectivity
Not Available   
84.00 %   
4
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Pd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
38   
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
2.20   
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.35   
21
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
1.59   
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
1.80   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
5.12 eV   
3
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
46   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Kr] 4d10   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
46   
99+
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
60   
99+
Number of Electrons
81   
35
46   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
137.00 pm   
40
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
106.42 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
389.07 pm   
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
12.02 g/cm3   
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
10.38 g/cm3   
17
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
121.00 GPa   
16
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
0.39   
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
12.02   
21
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
71.80 W/m·K   
23
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
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