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Thallium vs Copper

Thallium
Copper
Copper vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Cu  
Group Number
13  
5
11  
7
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
7440508  
37
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
-  
Discovery
In 1861  
In Middle East (9000 BCE)  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
12
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
17
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
10
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
8
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
26.00 p.p.m.  
12
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
1,084.62 °C  
40
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
2,562.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Copper  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
235.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa  
99+
343.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
3,810.00 m/s  
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
1.10  
99+
Reflectivity
8.00 %  
37
90.00 %  
4
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Cu  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
22
1.90  
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
6
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.75  
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
11
1.49  
27
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
16
1.85  
12
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
2.10  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
22
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
1,957.90 kJ/mol  
15
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
3,555.00 kJ/mol  
15
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,536.00 kJ/mol  
21
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
17
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9,900.00 kJ/mol  
16
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19,200.00 kJ/mol  
9
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25,600.00 kJ/mol  
13
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
35,600.00 kJ/mol  
27
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
38,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
42,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
46,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
50,200.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
53,700.00 kJ/mol  
12
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
61,100.00 kJ/mol  
10
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
64,702.00 kJ/mol  
11
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
163,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
174,100.00 kJ/mol  
2
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
184,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
198,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
18
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
24
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
25
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
1.19 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
39
4.65 eV  
16
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
81  
35
29  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Ar] 3d10 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
29  
99+
Number of Neutrons
123  
21
35  
99+
Number of Electrons
81  
35
29  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
132.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
37
140.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
63.55 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
7.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Nickel
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Zinc
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
34.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
361.49 pm  
39
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
23
1.28  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
33
8.96 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
33
8.02 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa  
39
210.00 MPa  
19
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
1.53 (Pa)  
8
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
48.00 GPa  
15
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
140.00 GPa  
12
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
120.00 GPa  
19
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.34  
10
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
35
8.89  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
19
Susceptibility
0.00  
28
0.00  
31
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
16.78 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
0.60 106/cm Ω  
2
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.38 J/(kg K)  
15
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
24.44 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
401.00 W/m·K  
2
Critical Temperature
577.00 K  
99+
1,358.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
16.50 µm/(m·K)  
27
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
283.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
7.11 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
338.90 kJ/mol  
39
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
33.20 J/mol.K  
99+
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