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Thallium Copper Comparison

Thallium
Copper
Copper Thallium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Cu   
Group Number
13   
5
11   
7
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440508   
37
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Unknown   
Discovery
In 1861   
In Middle East (9000 BCE)   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
6 * 10-6 %   
12
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.00007 %   
12
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
17
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
8
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
8
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
26.00 p.p.m.   
12
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
1,084.62 °C   
40
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
2,562.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Copper   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
235.00 MPa   
38
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
343.00 MPa   
28
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
3,810.00 m/s   
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
90.00 %   
3
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Cu   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
1.90   
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.75   
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
1.49   
14
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
1.85   
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
2.10   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
745.50 kJ/mol   
22
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,957.90 kJ/mol   
15
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
3,555.00 kJ/mol   
15
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,536.00 kJ/mol   
12
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,700.00 kJ/mol   
11
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,900.00 kJ/mol   
10
7th Energy level
Not Available   
13,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
16,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
19,200.00 kJ/mol   
9
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
22,400.00 kJ/mol   
11
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
25,600.00 kJ/mol   
13
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
35,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
38,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
42,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
46,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
50,200.00 kJ/mol   
10
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
53,700.00 kJ/mol   
12
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
61,100.00 kJ/mol   
10
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
64,702.00 kJ/mol   
11
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
163,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
174,100.00 kJ/mol   
2
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
184,900.00 kJ/mol   
1
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
198,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
1.19 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
4.65 eV   
11
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
29   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Ar] 3d10 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
29   
99+
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
35   
99+
Number of Electrons
81   
35
29   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
132.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
140.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
63.55 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
7.10 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Nickel
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Zinc
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
34.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
361.49 pm   
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
8.96 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
8.02 g/cm3   
27
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
1.53 (Pa)   
8
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
48.00 GPa   
15
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
140.00 GPa   
12
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
120.00 GPa   
17
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
0.34   
10
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
8.89   
34
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m   
5
Susceptibility
Not Available   
-9.63 * 10-6   
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
16.78 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.60 106/cm Ω   
2
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.38 J/(kg K)   
15
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
24.44 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
401.00 W/m·K   
2
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
16.50 µm/(m·K)   
25
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
283.70 kJ/mol   
33
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
7.11 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
338.90 kJ/mol   
29
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
33.20 J/mol.K   
99+
Summary >>
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