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Copper Thallium Comparison

Copper
Thallium
Thallium Copper comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cu  
Tl  
Group Number
11  
7
13  
5
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440508  
37
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In Middle East (9000 BCE)  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
12
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %  
13
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
17
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
8
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
26.00 p.p.m.  
12
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
1,084.62 °C  
40
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,562.00 °C  
99+
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Copper  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
235.00 MPa  
99+
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
343.00 MPa  
99+
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s  
26
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.10  
99+
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
90.00 %  
4
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cu  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.90  
12
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75  
4
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.49  
27
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
12
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.10  
99+
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
22
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,957.90 kJ/mol  
15
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
3,555.00 kJ/mol  
15
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
5,536.00 kJ/mol  
21
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,900.00 kJ/mol  
16
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
13,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
16,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
19,200.00 kJ/mol  
9
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
22,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
25,600.00 kJ/mol  
13
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
35,600.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
38,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
42,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
46,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
53,700.00 kJ/mol  
12
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
61,100.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
64,702.00 kJ/mol  
11
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
163,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
174,100.00 kJ/mol  
2
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
184,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
198,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
18
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
24
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
25
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
745.50 kJ/mol  
19
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.19 g/amp-hr  
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
4.65 eV  
16
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
29  
99+
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
29  
99+
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
35  
99+
123  
21
Number of Electrons
29  
99+
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm  
99+
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
63.55 amu  
99+
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol  
99+
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Nickel
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Zinc
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
34.00 (-eV)  
99+
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
361.49 pm  
39
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.28  
99+
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.96 g/cm3  
99+
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.02 g/cm3  
99+
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
210.00 MPa  
19
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.53 (Pa)  
8
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
48.00 GPa  
15
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
140.00 GPa  
12
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
120.00 GPa  
19
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.34  
10
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.89  
99+
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
19
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
31
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
16.78 nΩ·m  
99+
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.60 106/cm Ω  
2
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.38 J/(kg K)  
15
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.44 J/mol·K  
99+
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
401.00 W/m·K  
2
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
1,358.00 K  
99+
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
16.50 µm/(m·K)  
27
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
283.70 kJ/mol  
99+
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.11 kJ/mol  
99+
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
338.90 kJ/mol  
39
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
33.20 J/mol.K  
99+
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
Summary >>
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