Palladium Thallium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd
Tl
Group Number
10
8
13
5
Period Number
5
6
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440053
99+
7440280
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00
2
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
- In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
- Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
Sources
Ores of metals
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston
William Crookes
Discovery
In 1803
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
5 * 10-9 %
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %
24
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
- It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Medical Research
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
34
In Bone
Not Available
0.00 p.p.m.
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C
22
303.50 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C
33
1,457.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
4.75
9
1.20
20
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa
33
26.50 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa
36
Not Available
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s
26
818.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.72
1
Not Available
Reflectivity
84.00 %
4
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd
Tl
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
38
1
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20
4
1.62
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.25
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35
21
1.44
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.96
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.59
22
1.79
13
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80
99+
2.38
33
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol
99+
589.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol
2
1,971.00 kJ/mol
14
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol
3
2,878.00 kJ/mol
32
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr
30
7.63 g/amp-hr
2
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV
3
3.84 eV
28
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46
99+
81
35
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
46
99+
81
35
Number of Neutrons
60
99+
123
20
Number of Electrons
46
99+
81
35
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm
40
170.00 pm
22
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm
99+
145.00 pm
39
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm
40
196.00 pm
30
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu
99+
204.38 amu
31
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol
99+
17.20 cm3/mol
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)
99+
9.60 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm
25
345.66 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.60
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3
29
11.85 g/cm3
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3
17
11.22 g/cm3
13
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
27
16.90 (Pa)
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
30
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa
17
2.80 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa
9
43.00 GPa
28
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa
16
8.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.39
5
0.45
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
Ductile, Sectile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
12.02
21
11.85
22
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m
29
0.18 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω
22
0.06 106/cm Ω
32
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol
17
19.20 kJ/mol
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
23
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K
33
26.32 J/mol·K
29
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K
23
46.10 W/m·K
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)
33
29.90 µm/(m·K)
12
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol
19
162.10 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol
18
4.27 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol
22
179.90 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K
40
64.20 J/mol.K
19
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