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Thallium vs Silver

Thallium
Silver
Silver vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Ag  
Group Number
13  
5
11  
7
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
7440224  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • It is the most reflective element.
  • Silver is the second most ductile metal after Gold.
  • It is also used in Dentistry as a dental alloys for clips and crowning.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
-  
Discovery
In 1861  
Before 5000 BC  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
19
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Silver is mainly used for Jewelry and show piece.
  • It is used for manufacturing high quality mirrors due to its reflectivity property.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
29
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
0.44 p.p.m.  
24
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
961.93 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
2,212.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
251.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa  
99+
229.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
0.16  
99+
Reflectivity
8.00 %  
37
97.00 %  
1
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Ag  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
36  
3
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
22
1.93  
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
6
1.83  
14
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
11
1.47  
28
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
16
1.87  
10
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
2.07  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
27
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
2,070.00 kJ/mol  
11
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
3,361.00 kJ/mol  
19
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
10
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
24
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
39
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
33
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
31
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
27
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
32
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
31
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
25
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
731.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
73,100.00 kJ/mol  
22
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
73,100.00 kJ/mol  
17
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
38
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
28
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
35
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
29
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
23
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
22
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
22
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
22
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
21
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
27
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
28
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
22
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
4.02 g/amp-hr  
7
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
39
4.26 eV  
27
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
81  
35
47  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Kr] 4d10 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Silver.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
47  
99+
Number of Neutrons
123  
21
61  
99+
Number of Electrons
81  
35
47  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
144.00 pm  
38
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
37
172.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
107.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
10.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Palladium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Cadmium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
11.40 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
408.53 pm  
23
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
23
1.59  
26
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
33
10.49 g/cm3  
37
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
33
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa  
39
170.00 MPa  
21
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
0.00 (Pa)  
14
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
100.00 GPa  
16
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
83.00 GPa  
25
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
35
10.50  
39
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
28
0.00  
32
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
15.87 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
0.63 106/cm Ω  
1
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
125.60 kJ/mol  
5
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.24 J/(kg K)  
25
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
25.35 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
429.00 W/m·K  
1
Critical Temperature
577.00 K  
99+
1,235.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
18.90 µm/(m·K)  
25
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
255.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
11.30 kJ/mol  
37
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
284.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
42.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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