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Silver vs Thallium

Silver
Thallium
Thallium vs Silver


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ag   
Tl   
Group Number
11   
7
13   
5
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
p block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440224   
99+
7440280   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is the most reflective element.
  • Silver is the second most ductile metal after Gold.
  • It is also used in Dentistry as a dental alloys for clips and crowning.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Ores of metals   
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
William Crookes   
Discovery
Before 5000 BC   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %   
26
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
19
0.00 %   
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Silver is mainly used for Jewelry and show piece.
  • It is used for manufacturing high quality mirrors due to its reflectivity property.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
29
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
In Bone
0.44 p.p.m.   
20
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
961.93 °C   
99+
303.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,212.00 °C   
99+
1,457.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
1.20   
20
Brinell Hardness
251.00 MPa   
37
26.50 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
229.00 MPa   
30
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s   
34
818.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
97.00 %   
1
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ag   
Tl   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36   
3
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.93   
9
1.62   
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.83   
11
2.25   
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.44   
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.47   
15
1.96   
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.87   
7
1.79   
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.07   
99+
2.38   
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
731.00 kJ/mol   
27
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
2,070.00 kJ/mol   
11
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
3rd Energy Level
3,361.00 kJ/mol   
19
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
Electrochemical Equivalent
4.02 g/amp-hr   
7
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
Electron Work Function
4.26 eV   
20
3.84 eV   
28
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
47   
99+
81   
35
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Silver.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
47   
99+
81   
35
Number of Neutrons
61   
99+
123   
20
Number of Electrons
47   
99+
81   
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
144.00 pm   
36
170.00 pm   
22
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
145.00 pm   
39
Van der Waals Radius
172.00 pm   
38
196.00 pm   
30
Atomic Weight
107.87 amu   
99+
204.38 amu   
31
Atomic Volume
10.30 cm3/mol   
99+
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Palladium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Cadmium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
11.40 (-eV)   
99+
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
408.53 pm   
20
345.66 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.60   
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
10.49 g/cm3   
35
11.85 g/cm3   
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.32 g/cm3   
21
11.22 g/cm3   
13
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
14
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa   
23
2.80 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
100.00 GPa   
16
43.00 GPa   
28
Young's Modulus
83.00 GPa   
23
8.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37   
7
0.45   
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
10.50   
26
11.85   
22
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Susceptibility
0.00   
5
Not Available   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
15.87 nΩ·m   
99+
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.63 106/cm Ω   
1
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
Electron Affinity
125.60 kJ/mol   
5
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
25
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
25.35 J/mol·K   
99+
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
Thermal Conductivity
429.00 W/m·K   
1
46.10 W/m·K   
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
18.90 µm/(m·K)   
23
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
255.10 kJ/mol   
37
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.30 kJ/mol   
31
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
284.50 kJ/mol   
37
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
42.60 J/mol.K   
35
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
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