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Gallium vs Thulium

Gallium
Thulium
Thulium vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga  
Tm  
Group Number
13  
5
3  
15
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440553  
32
7440304  
99+
Space Group Name
Cmca  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
64.00  
12
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
Per Teodor Cleve  
Discovery
In 1875  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
13
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
29.78 °C  
99+
1,545.00 °C  
23
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C  
99+
1,730.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
2.25  
16
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa  
99+
471.00 MPa  
30
Vickers Hardness
111.00 MPa  
99+
520.00 MPa  
33
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s  
99+
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.81  
20
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
36.00 %  
33
35.00 %  
34
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ga  
Tm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24  
15
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81  
16
1.25  
36
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42  
2
1.25  
28
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82  
2
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01  
9
1.25  
35
Allen Electronegativity
1.76  
17
1.25  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19  
40
2.75  
19
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol  
13
1,160.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol  
28
2,285.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
16
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
20
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
35
15th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
36
17th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr  
30
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV  
30
2.40 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
31  
99+
69  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1  
[Xe] 4f13 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31  
99+
69  
99+
Number of Neutrons
39  
99+
100  
33
Number of Electrons
31  
99+
69  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm  
99+
176.00 pm  
20
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm  
99+
160.00 pm  
32
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm  
39
227.00 pm  
26
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu  
99+
168.93 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol  
99+
18.10 cm3/mol  
40
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Erbium
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Ytterbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)  
19
49.70 (-eV)  
29
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm  
20
353.75 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.30  
99+
1.57  
40
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3  
99+
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3  
99+
8.56 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
41.00 MPa  
99+
69.00 MPa  
32
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
19
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
15
0.06 (Pa)  
10
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.20 GPa  
99+
30.50 GPa  
26
Bulk Modulus
37.30 GPa  
99+
44.50 GPa  
30
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa  
99+
74.00 GPa  
29
Poisson Ratio
0.47  
1
0.21  
32
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
7
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m  
15
676.00 nΩ·m  
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
34
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol  
37
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)  
16
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K  
99+
27.03 J/mol·K  
28
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K  
34
16.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
302.00 K  
99+
1,818.00 K  
27
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)  
26
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol  
99+
191.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol  
99+
16.80 kJ/mol  
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol  
99+
247.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K  
99+
74.00 J/mol.K  
9
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