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Gallium vs Vanadium

Gallium
Vanadium
Vanadium vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga  
V  
Group Number
13  
5
5  
13
Period Number
4  
4  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440553  
32
7440622  
27
Space Group Name
Cmca  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
64.00  
12
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
Andrés Manuel del Río  
Discovery
In 1875  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
11
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
16
0.01 %  
14
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
24
0.02 %  
12
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
14
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
13
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
39
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
36
Physical
Melting Point
29.78 °C  
99+
1,890.00 °C  
13
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C  
99+
3,380.00 °C  
21
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Blue-Silver Grey  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
6.70  
4
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa  
99+
600.00 MPa  
24
Vickers Hardness
111.00 MPa  
99+
628.00 MPa  
25
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s  
99+
4,560.00 m/s  
22
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.81  
20
2.05  
13
Reflectivity
36.00 %  
33
61.00 %  
22
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ga  
V  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24  
15
22  
17
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81  
16
1.63  
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42  
2
1.39  
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82  
2
1.45  
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01  
9
1.63  
21
Allen Electronegativity
1.76  
17
1.53  
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19  
40
2.37  
34
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol  
13
1,414.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol  
28
2,830.00 kJ/mol  
36
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
16
4,507.00 kJ/mol  
35
5th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,298.70 kJ/mol  
38
6th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,363.00 kJ/mol  
6
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14,530.00 kJ/mol  
5
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16,730.00 kJ/mol  
7
9th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19,860.00 kJ/mol  
7
10th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22,240.00 kJ/mol  
12
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24,670.00 kJ/mol  
15
12th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
20
29,730.00 kJ/mol  
34
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
32,446.00 kJ/mol  
12
14th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,450.00 kJ/mol  
1
15th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
94,170.00 kJ/mol  
3
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
102,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
17th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
112,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
18th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
121,600.00 kJ/mol  
5
19th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
130,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
143,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
21st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
151,440.00 kJ/mol  
8
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
650.00 kJ/mol  
32
23rd Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
34
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
26th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
35
27th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
28th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
38
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.38 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV  
30
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
31  
99+
23  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1  
[Ar] 3d3 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31  
99+
23  
99+
Number of Neutrons
39  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
31  
99+
23  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm  
99+
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm  
99+
153.00 pm  
35
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm  
39
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu  
99+
50.94 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol  
99+
8.78 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Titanium
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Chromium
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)  
19
120.00 (-eV)  
6
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm  
20
303.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.30  
99+
1.70  
9
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3  
99+
6.00 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3  
99+
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
41.00 MPa  
99+
800.00 MPa  
6
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
11
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
15
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.23 (Pa)  
16
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.20 GPa  
99+
47.00 GPa  
16
Bulk Modulus
37.30 GPa  
99+
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa  
99+
128.00 GPa  
17
Poisson Ratio
0.47  
1
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91  
99+
5.96  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
7
0.00  
8
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m  
15
197.00 nΩ·m  
19
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
34
0.05 106/cm Ω  
40
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol  
37
50.60 kJ/mol  
25
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)  
16
0.49 J/(kg K)  
10
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K  
99+
24.89 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K  
34
30.70 W/m·K  
40
Critical Temperature
302.00 K  
99+
2,183.00 K  
15
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)  
26
8.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol  
99+
458.60 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol  
99+
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol  
99+
514.60 kJ/mol  
17
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K  
99+
28.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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