Gold vs Cadmium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Au
Cd
Group Number
11
7
12
6
Period Number
6
5
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440575
31
7440439
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00
2
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE
In 1817
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %
26
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0000006 %
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
21
0.00 %
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
18
0.00 %
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
- Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
35
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
24
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
30
1.80 p.p.m.
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C
99+
320.90 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C
36
765.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gold
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
2.00
16
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa
99+
203.00 MPa
39
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa
31
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s
99+
2,310.00 m/s
39
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
95.00 %
2
67.00 %
11
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Au
Cd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
36
3
34
5
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54
1
1.69
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.98
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42
18
1.46
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87
7
1.53
13
Allen Electronegativity
1.92
5
1.52
27
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46
99+
2.31
37
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol
8
867.80 kJ/mol
11
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol
12
1,631.40 kJ/mol
32
3rd Energy Level
Not Available
3,616.00 kJ/mol
13
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr
21
2.10 g/amp-hr
27
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV
4
4.22 eV
22
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
79
37
48
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
79
37
48
99+
Number of Neutrons
118
23
64
99+
Number of Electrons
79
37
48
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm
32
151.00 pm
32
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm
40
144.00 pm
40
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm
39
158.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu
33
112.41 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol
99+
13.10 cm3/mol
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)
99+
30.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm
21
297.94 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61
4
1.89
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3
15
8.65 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3
6
8.00 g/cm3
28
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa
15
62.00 MPa
16
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
23
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)
4
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa
27
19.00 GPa
35
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa
9
42.00 GPa
29
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
50.00 GPa
36
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
0.30
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
19.32
8
8.65
36
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m
99+
72.70 nΩ·m
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω
3
0.14 106/cm Ω
15
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol
1
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.23 J/(kg K)
26
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K
40
26.02 J/mol·K
32
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K
3
96.60 W/m·K
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)
26
30.80 µm/(m·K)
10
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol
27
100.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol
27
6.19 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol
25
113.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K
32
51.80 J/mol.K
27
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