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Gold vs Cadmium

Gold
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Gold


Periodic Table
Symbol
Au  
Cd  
Group Number
11  
7
12  
6
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440575  
31
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
38
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
35
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C  
99+
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C  
37
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gold  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa  
99+
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa  
99+
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
0.47  
99+
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
95.00 %  
2
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Au  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36  
3
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54  
2
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.50  
18
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87  
15
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.92  
7
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46  
99+
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
2,856.00 kJ/mol  
33
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
6
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
24
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
20
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
20
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
19
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
39
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
14
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
89,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
25
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
14
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
23
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
13
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
35
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
11
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
38
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
6
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
5
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
4
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
7
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr  
25
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV  
8
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
79  
37
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
79  
37
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
118  
24
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
79  
37
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm  
99+
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu  
33
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Platinum
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Mercury
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm  
24
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61  
18
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3  
15
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3  
16
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa  
27
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)  
4
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa  
34
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.32  
17
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
22
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K  
99+
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K  
3
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
1,337.00 K  
99+
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
29
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol  
99+
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol  
33
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol  
34
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K  
99+
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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