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Gold vs Cadmium

Gold
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Gold


Periodic Table
Symbol
Au   
Cd   
Group Number
11   
7
12   
6
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440575   
31
7440439   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE   
In 1817   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %   
26
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000006 %   
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
21
0.00 %   
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
18
0.00 %   
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
35
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
30
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C   
99+
320.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C   
36
765.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gold   
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
2.00   
16
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa   
99+
203.00 MPa   
39
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa   
31
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s   
99+
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
95.00 %   
2
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Au   
Cd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36   
3
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54   
1
1.69   
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.46   
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87   
7
1.53   
13
Allen Electronegativity
1.92   
5
1.52   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46   
99+
2.31   
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol   
8
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
12
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
3rd Energy Level
Not Available   
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr   
21
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV   
4
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
79   
37
48   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
79   
37
48   
99+
Number of Neutrons
118   
23
64   
99+
Number of Electrons
79   
37
48   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm   
39
158.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu   
33
112.41 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol   
99+
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Platinum
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Mercury
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)   
99+
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm   
21
297.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61   
4
1.89   
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3   
15
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3   
6
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa   
15
62.00 MPa   
16
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)   
4
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa   
27
19.00 GPa   
35
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
42.00 GPa   
29
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.32   
8
8.65   
36
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m   
99+
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω   
3
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K   
40
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K   
3
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)   
26
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol   
27
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol   
27
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol   
25
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K   
32
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
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