1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74405757440542
7429905
54386242
1.8 Space Group Name
1.9 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
2.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Unknown
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
3.1.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.0000002 %
1E-08
0.1
3.4.2 Abundance In Meteorites
3.4.3 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
3.4.7 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
4.2.5 In Bone
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
1,064.43 °C1,311.00 °C
27
3410
5.3 Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C3,233.00 °C
147
5660
5.5 Appearance
5.5.1 Physical State
5.5.2 Color
5.5.3 Luster
5.6 Hardness
5.6.1 Mohs Hardness
5.8.1 Brinell Hardness
5.9.1 Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa510.00 MPa
121
3430
5.10 Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s2,680.00 m/s
818
16200
6.2 Optical Properties
6.2.1 Refractive Index
6.2.2 Reflectivity
6.3 Allotropes
6.3.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.3.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.3.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7 Chemical
7.1 Chemical Formula
7.2 Isotopes
7.2.1 Known Isotopes
7.3 Electronegativity
7.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
7.5.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
7.6.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
7.6.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
7.7.2 Allen Electronegativity
7.8 Electropositivity
7.8.1 Pauling Electropositivity
7.9 Ionization Energies
7.9.1 1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
7.9.3 2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol1,170.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
7.10.1 3rd Energy Level
NA1,990.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
7.10.2 4th Energy Level
NA4,250.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
8.1.4 5th Energy Level
8.1.6 6th Energy Level
8.1.7 7th Energy level
8.2.3 8th Energy Level
8.2.5 9th Energy Level
8.2.6 10th Energy Level
8.2.8 11th Energy Level
9.1.1 12th Energy Level
9.1.2 13th Energy Level
9.2.1 14th Energy Level
9.3.1 15th Energy Level
9.4.1 16th Energy Level
9.4.2 17th Energy Level
9.5.1 18th Energy Level
9.6.2 19th Energy Level
9.6.3 20th Energy Level
9.6.5 21st Energy Level
9.6.6 22nd Energy Level
9.6.8 23rd Energy Level
9.6.9 24th Energy Level
9.7.1 25th Energy Level
9.7.2 26th Energy Level
9.7.3 27th Energy Level
9.7.4 28th Energy Level
9.7.5 29th Energy Level
9.7.6 30th Energy Level
9.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr1.96 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.9 Electron Work Function
9.10 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
10.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
10.4.2 Number of Neutrons
10.4.3 Number of Electrons
10.5 Radius of an Atom
10.5.1 Atomic Radius
151.00 pm180.00 pm
112
265
10.5.2 Covalent Radius
144.00 pm196.00 pm
96
260
10.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm237.00 pm
139
348
10.6 Atomic Weight
196.97 amu47.87 amu
6.94
294
10.7 Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.8.1 Previous Element
10.8.2 Next Element
10.9 Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)46.10 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.10 Lattice Constant
407.82 pm363.60 pm
228.58
891.25
10.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
10.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm37.90 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm37.40 g/cm3
0.512
20
11.2 Tensile Strength
11.3 Viscosity
11.4 Vapor Pressure
11.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
11.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)7.39 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
11.5 Elasticity properties
11.5.1 Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa21.80 GPa
1.3
222
11.5.2 Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa37.90 GPa
1.6
462
11.5.3 Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa54.80 GPa
1.7
528
11.6 Poisson Ratio
11.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Ferromagnetic
12.1.3 Permeability
12.1.4 Susceptibility
12.2 Electrical Properties
12.2.1 Electrical Property
12.2.2 Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m1.31 nΩ·m
0.18
961
12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
12.2.4 Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
13 Thermal
13.1 Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
13.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K37.03 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
13.3 Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K10.60 W/m·K
6.3
429
13.4 Critical Temperature
13.5 Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)9.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
13.6 Enthalpy
13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol359.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol10.05 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol352.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
13.7 Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K68.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1