Gold vs Holmium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Au
Ho
Group Number
11
7
Not Available
Period Number
6
6
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440575
31
7440600
29
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00
2
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
- Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
- Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Marc Delafontaine
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE
In 1878
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %
26
5 * 10-8 %
27
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
38
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
21
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
18
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
- Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
- Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys, Nuclear Research
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
35
Not Available
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
30
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C
99+
1,461.00 °C
30
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C
36
2,600.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gold
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa
99+
746.00 MPa
13
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa
31
481.00 MPa
23
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s
99+
2,760.00 m/s
30
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
95.00 %
2
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Au
Ho
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
36
3
34
5
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54
1
1.23
37
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42
18
1.10
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87
7
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.92
5
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46
99+
2.77
17
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol
8
581.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol
12
1,140.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available
2,204.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
4,100.00 kJ/mol
34
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr
21
2.02 g/amp-hr
29
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV
4
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
79
37
67
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
[Xe] 4f11 6s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Holmium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
79
37
67
99+
Number of Neutrons
118
23
98
34
Number of Electrons
79
37
67
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm
32
176.00 pm
18
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm
40
192.00 pm
17
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm
39
216.00 pm
24
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu
33
164.93 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol
99+
18.70 cm3/mol
24
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)
99+
47.90 (-eV)
31
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm
21
357.73 pm
38
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61
4
1.57
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3
15
8.79 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3
6
8.34 g/cm3
26
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa
15
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
23
0.00 (Pa)
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)
4
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa
27
26.30 GPa
28
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa
9
40.20 GPa
32
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
64.80 GPa
31
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
0.23
29
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
19.32
8
8.80
35
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m
99+
814.00 nΩ·m
4
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω
3
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol
1
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K
40
27.15 J/mol·K
19
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K
3
16.20 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)
26
11.20 µm/(m·K)
35
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol
27
241.00 kJ/mol
38
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol
27
11.76 kJ/mol
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol
25
301.00 kJ/mol
36
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K
32
75.30 J/mol.K
8
|
||
|
||
|
