1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
2.5 Period Number
2.8 Block
2.9 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
2.10 CAS Number
74405757440304
7429905
54386242
3.6 Space Group Name
3.7 Space Group Number
4 Facts
4.1 Interesting Facts
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
4.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
4.3 History
4.3.1 Who Discovered
4.3.2 Discovery
4.4 Abundance
4.4.1 Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %1 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
4.6.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.00000002 %
1E-08
0.1
5.4.2 Abundance In Meteorites
5.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
6.2.5 Abundance In Oceans
7.2.4 Abundance In Humans
9 Uses
9.1 Uses & Benefits
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
-
Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
9.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
9.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
9.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
9.2 Biological Properties
9.2.1 Toxicity
9.2.2 Present in Human Body
9.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
10.2.1 In Bone
11 Physical
11.1 Melting Point
1,064.43 °C1,545.00 °C
27
3410
11.6 Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C1,730.00 °C
147
5660
12.3 Appearance
12.3.1 Physical State
12.3.2 Color
12.3.3 Luster
12.4 Hardness
12.4.1 Mohs Hardness
12.4.5 Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa471.00 MPa
0.14
3490
13.2.1 Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa520.00 MPa
121
3430
13.4 Speed of Sound
15.3 Optical Properties
15.3.1 Refractive Index
15.5.2 Reflectivity
15.8 Allotropes
15.8.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
15.8.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
15.8.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
16 Chemical
16.1 Chemical Formula
16.2 Isotopes
16.2.1 Known Isotopes
16.3 Electronegativity
16.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
16.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
16.3.8 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
16.5.3 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
16.8.2 Allen Electronegativity
17.3 Electropositivity
17.3.1 Pauling Electropositivity
17.4 Ionization Energies
17.4.1 1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol596.70 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
17.4.4 2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol1,160.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
17.5.4 3rd Energy Level
NA2,285.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
17.5.9 4th Energy Level
NA4,120.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
17.5.13 5th Energy Level
17.5.18 6th Energy Level
17.5.20 7th Energy level
17.5.24 8th Energy Level
17.6.2 9th Energy Level
17.6.4 10th Energy Level
17.7.5 11th Energy Level
17.7.9 12th Energy Level
17.7.12 13th Energy Level
17.7.16 14th Energy Level
17.7.20 15th Energy Level
17.7.24 16th Energy Level
17.7.28 17th Energy Level
17.7.32 18th Energy Level
17.7.37 19th Energy Level
17.7.41 20th Energy Level
17.7.46 21st Energy Level
17.7.50 22nd Energy Level
17.7.53 23rd Energy Level
17.7.55 24th Energy Level
17.8.1 25th Energy Level
17.8.3 26th Energy Level
17.9.1 27th Energy Level
17.9.3 28th Energy Level
18.1.3 29th Energy Level
18.1.5 30th Energy Level
18.5 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr2.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
18.7 Electron Work Function
18.9 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
19 Atomic
19.1 Atomic Number
20.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
20.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
20.3.1 Crystal Lattice
20.4 Atom
20.4.1 Number of Protons
20.4.4 Number of Neutrons
20.8.1 Number of Electrons
20.10 Radius of an Atom
20.10.1 Atomic Radius
151.00 pm176.00 pm
112
265
20.12.2 Covalent Radius
144.00 pm160.00 pm
96
260
20.12.4 Van der Waals Radius
20.15 Atomic Weight
196.97 amu168.93 amu
6.94
294
21.2 Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol18.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
21.4 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
21.4.1 Previous Element
21.4.2 Next Element
21.5 Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)49.70 (-eV)
8
392.42
21.6 Lattice Constant
407.82 pm353.75 pm
228.58
891.25
21.10 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
21.11 Lattice C/A Ratio
22 Mechanical
22.1 Density
22.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm39.32 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
22.1.4 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm38.56 g/cm3
0.512
20
22.4 Tensile Strength
22.7 Viscosity
23.2 Vapor Pressure
23.2.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.06 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
23.2.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)NA
2.62E-10
774
23.3 Elasticity properties
23.3.1 Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa30.50 GPa
1.3
222
23.5.1 Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa44.50 GPa
1.6
462
24.2.3 Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa74.00 GPa
1.7
528
24.3 Poisson Ratio
24.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
25 Magnetic
25.1 Magnetic Characteristics
25.1.1 Specific Gravity
25.1.4 Magnetic Ordering
25.1.5 Permeability
25.1.7 Susceptibility
25.2 Electrical Properties
25.2.1 Electrical Property
25.2.2 Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m676.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
26.1.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
28.1.1 Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
29 Thermal
29.1 Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)0.16 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
29.4 Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K27.03 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
29.9 Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K16.90 W/m·K
6.3
429
29.10 Critical Temperature
29.11 Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)13.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
30.2 Enthalpy
30.2.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol191.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
30.3.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol16.80 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
30.4.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol247.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
30.7 Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K74.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1