Hafnium vs Cerium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf
Ce
Group Number
4
14
Not Available
Period Number
6
6
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440586
30
7440451
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Discovery
In 1922
In 1803
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %
25
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0000004 %
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
37
0.00 %
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
31
0.01 %
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
27
0.00 %
33
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Moderately Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
30
In Bone
Not Available
2.70 p.p.m.
14
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C
10
795.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C
5
3,257.00 °C
23
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.50
7
2.50
14
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa
6
186.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa
5
210.00 MPa
32
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s
27
2,100.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf
Ce
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
30
9
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.12
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.08
31
Allen Electronegativity
1.16
37
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
2.88
11
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol
40
534.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,949.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,547.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available
6,325.00 kJ/mol
22
6th Energy Level
Not Available
7,490.00 kJ/mol
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
1.74 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV
27
2.84 eV
39
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72
99+
58
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
72
99+
58
99+
Number of Neutrons
106
29
82
99+
Number of Electrons
72
99+
58
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm
28
181.80 pm
12
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm
23
204.00 pm
8
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
235.00 pm
17
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu
39
140.12 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol
38
20.67 cm3/mol
17
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)
16
41.78 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm
99+
362.00 pm
34
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58
12
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3
26
6.77 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3
12
6.55 g/cm3
38
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa
8
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
34
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
24
1.04 (Pa)
13
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa
23
13.50 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa
15
21.50 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa
25
33.60 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37
7
0.24
27
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
13.31
18
6.77
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m
14
828.00 nΩ·m
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
0.19 J/(kg K)
32
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K
36
26.94 J/mol·K
23
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K
99+
11.30 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
6.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol
5
414.00 kJ/mol
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol
8
5.46 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol
5
381.00 kJ/mol
23
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K
34
72.00 J/mol.K
12
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