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Cerium vs Hafnium

Cerium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Cerium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce  
Hf  
Group Number
3  
15
4  
14
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440451  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
18
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
30
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.  
14
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
795.00 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C  
24
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa  
99+
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa  
99+
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s  
99+
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.20  
9
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
68.00 %  
15
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ce  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30  
9
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.12  
37
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08  
32
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88  
11
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol  
37
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol  
38
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,650.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
534.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
24
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
26
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV  
99+
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
58  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
58  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
82  
99+
106  
30
Number of Electrons
58  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm  
14
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm  
8
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm  
21
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol  
27
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lanthanum
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Praseodymium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm  
38
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
31
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
270.00 MPa  
17
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
36
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)  
13
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa  
99+
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa  
99+
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
27
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
7
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m  
3
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K  
30
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K  
99+
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,071.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol  
22
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol  
99+
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol  
31
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K  
12
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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