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Cerium vs Hafnium

Cerium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Cerium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce   
Hf   
Group Number
Not Available   
4   
14
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440451   
99+
7440586   
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
By-product Zirconium Refining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger   
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1922   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
27
0.00 %   
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
18
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
33
0.00 %   
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
30
Not Available   
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.   
14
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
795.00 °C   
99+
2,150.00 °C   
10
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C   
23
5,400.00 °C   
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa   
99+
1,450.00 MPa   
6
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa   
32
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s   
99+
3,010.00 m/s   
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ce   
Hf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30   
9
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12   
99+
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08   
31
1.23   
25
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.16   
37
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88   
11
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol   
99+
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol   
22
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV   
39
3.90 eV   
27
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
58   
99+
72   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
58   
99+
72   
99+
Number of Neutrons
82   
99+
106   
29
Number of Electrons
58   
99+
72   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm   
12
159.00 pm   
28
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm   
8
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm   
17
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu   
99+
178.49 amu   
39
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol   
17
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lanthanum
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Praseodymium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)   
99+
81.00 (-eV)   
16
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm   
34
319.64 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.58   
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3   
99+
13.31 g/cm3   
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3   
38
12.00 g/cm3   
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
445.00 MPa   
8
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
34
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)   
13
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa   
99+
30.00 GPa   
23
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa   
99+
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa   
99+
78.00 GPa   
25
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
27
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77   
99+
13.31   
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m   
3
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)   
32
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K   
23
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K   
99+
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol   
16
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol   
99+
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol   
23
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K   
12
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
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