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Holmium vs Chromium

Holmium
Chromium
Chromium vs Holmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ho  
Cr  
Group Number
3  
15
6  
12
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440600  
29
7440473  
39
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
  • Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Marc Delafontaine  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Discovery
In 1878  
In Between 1797 - 1798  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.30 %  
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
38
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
  • Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
Physical
Melting Point
1,461.00 °C  
30
1,857.00 °C  
14
Boiling Point
2,600.00 °C  
99+
2,672.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
8.50  
1
Brinell Hardness
746.00 MPa  
14
687.00 MPa  
18
Vickers Hardness
481.00 MPa  
36
1,060.00 MPa  
17
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
5,940.00 m/s  
8
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.67  
29
2.97  
2
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ho  
Cr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
21  
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.23  
38
1.66  
19
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.23  
30
1.66  
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.10  
31
1.56  
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.23  
37
1.66  
19
Allen Electronegativity
1.23  
99+
1.65  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.77  
17
2.34  
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
2nd Energy Level
1,140.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
3rd Energy Level
2,204.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
4th Energy Level
4,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
5th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
6th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
7th Energy level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
9th Energy Level
6,500.00 kJ/mol  
39
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
10th Energy Level
6,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
11th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
12th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
13th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
14th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
40
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
15th Energy Level
58,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
16th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
17th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
18th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
19th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
20th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
21st Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
22nd Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
23rd Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
20
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
25th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
26th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
27th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
28th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
29th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
30th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.02 g/amp-hr  
33
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
67  
99+
24  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f11 6s2  
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Holmium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
67  
99+
24  
99+
Number of Neutrons
98  
35
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
67  
99+
24  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
20
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
192.00 pm  
17
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm  
30
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
164.93 amu  
99+
52.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
18.70 cm3/mol  
36
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Dysprosium
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Erbium
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
47.90 (-eV)  
32
170.00 (-eV)  
4
Lattice Constant
357.73 pm  
99+
291.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
40
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.79 g/cm3  
99+
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.34 g/cm3  
99+
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
270.00 MPa  
17
689.00 MPa  
7
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
17
0.00 (Pa)  
26
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
774.00 (Pa)  
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
26.30 GPa  
35
115.00 GPa  
9
Bulk Modulus
40.20 GPa  
37
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
64.80 GPa  
33
279.00 GPa  
8
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
29
0.21  
33
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.80  
99+
7.19  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Antiferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
7
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
11
0.00  
10
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
814.00 nΩ·m  
4
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
Molar Heat Capacity
27.15 J/mol·K  
25
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
16.20 W/m·K  
99+
93.90 W/m·K  
17
Critical Temperature
1,747.00 K  
34
1,907.00 K  
24
Thermal Expansion
11.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
241.00 kJ/mol  
99+
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.76 kJ/mol  
35
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
301.00 kJ/mol  
99+
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
Standard Molar Entropy
75.30 J/mol.K  
8
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
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