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Holmium vs Chromium

Holmium
Chromium
Chromium vs Holmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ho   
Cr   
Group Number
Not Available   
6   
12
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440600   
29
7440473   
39
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
  • Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Marc Delafontaine   
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Discovery
In 1878   
In Between 1797 - 1798   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-8 %   
27
1.5 * 10-3 %   
7
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.002 %   
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.30 %   
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
38
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
16
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
  • Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3   
12
In Bone
Not Available   
0.33 p.p.m.   
21
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,461.00 °C   
30
1,857.00 °C   
14
Boiling Point
2,600.00 °C   
99+
2,672.00 °C   
39
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
8.50   
1
Brinell Hardness
746.00 MPa   
13
687.00 MPa   
16
Vickers Hardness
481.00 MPa   
23
1,060.00 MPa   
10
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s   
30
5,940.00 m/s   
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ho   
Cr   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
21   
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.23   
37
1.66   
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.66   
14
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.10   
30
1.56   
10
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.65   
19
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.77   
17
2.34   
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol   
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
1
2nd Energy Level
1,140.00 kJ/mol   
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
1
3rd Energy Level
2,204.00 kJ/mol   
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
1
4th Energy Level
4,100.00 kJ/mol   
34
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
1
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
7th Energy level
Not Available   
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
12
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
13
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
10
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
12
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
2
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
4
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
5
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
7
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
157,700.00 kJ/mol   
7
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
166,090.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.02 g/amp-hr   
29
0.32 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
4.50 eV   
14
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
67   
99+
24   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f11 6s2   
[Ar] 3d5 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Holmium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
67   
99+
24   
99+
Number of Neutrons
98   
34
28   
99+
Number of Electrons
67   
99+
24   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
192.00 pm   
17
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm   
24
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
164.93 amu   
99+
52.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
18.70 cm3/mol   
24
7.23 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Dysprosium
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Erbium
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
47.90 (-eV)   
31
170.00 (-eV)   
4
Lattice Constant
357.73 pm   
38
291.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.79 g/cm3   
99+
7.19 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.34 g/cm3   
26
6.30 g/cm3   
40
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
689.00 MPa   
7
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
16
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
774.00 (Pa)   
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
26.30 GPa   
28
115.00 GPa   
9
Bulk Modulus
40.20 GPa   
32
160.00 GPa   
11
Young's Modulus
64.80 GPa   
31
279.00 GPa   
8
Poisson Ratio
0.23   
29
0.21   
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.80   
35
7.19   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Antiferromagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
NA   
Resistivity
814.00 nΩ·m   
4
125.00 nΩ·m   
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω   
25
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
64.30 kJ/mol   
15
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
0.45 J/(kg K)   
12
Molar Heat Capacity
27.15 J/mol·K   
19
23.35 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
16.20 W/m·K   
99+
93.90 W/m·K   
17
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.20 µm/(m·K)   
35
4.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
241.00 kJ/mol   
38
348.80 kJ/mol   
24
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.76 kJ/mol   
29
15.31 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
301.00 kJ/mol   
36
397.50 kJ/mol   
21
Standard Molar Entropy
75.30 J/mol.K   
8
23.80 J/mol.K   
99+
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