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Indium vs Gallium

Indium
Gallium
Gallium vs Indium


Periodic Table
Symbol
In  
Ga  
Group Number
13  
5
13  
5
Period Number
5  
4  
Block
p block  
p block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440746  
17
7440553  
32
Space Group Name
I4/mmm  
Cmca  
Space Group Number
139.00  
8
64.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
  • Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
  
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter  
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
Discovery
In 1863  
In 1875  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-8 %  
28
1 * 10-6 %  
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %  
23
~0.000004 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
22
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
  • Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
  
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
Not Available  
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
156.61 °C  
99+
29.78 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,000.00 °C  
99+
2,403.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
20
1.50  
18
Brinell Hardness
8.80 MPa  
99+
56.80 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,215.00 m/s  
99+
2,740.00 m/s  
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
In  
Ga  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
24  
15
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.78  
16
1.81  
15
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.14  
8
2.42  
2
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.49  
13
1.82  
1
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.76  
10
2.01  
5
Allen Electronegativity
1.66  
18
1.76  
14
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.22  
38
2.19  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol  
99+
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,820.70 kJ/mol  
18
1,979.30 kJ/mol  
13
3rd Energy Level
2,704.00 kJ/mol  
39
2,963.00 kJ/mol  
28
4th Energy Level
5,210.00 kJ/mol  
17
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.43 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.87 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.12 eV  
24
4.20 eV  
23
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
49  
99+
31  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1  
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1  
Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)  
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Crystal Lattice
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Indium.jpg#100  
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
49  
99+
31  
99+
Number of Neutrons
66  
99+
39  
99+
Number of Electrons
49  
99+
31  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
167.00 pm  
24
135.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm  
99+
122.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
193.00 pm  
31
187.00 pm  
32
Atomic Weight
114.82 amu  
99+
69.72 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
15.70 cm3/mol  
33
11.80 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cadmium
  
Zinc
  
Next Element
Tin
  
Rubidium
  
Valence Electron Potential
54.00 (-eV)  
25
69.70 (-eV)  
19
Lattice Constant
325.23 pm  
99+
451.97 pm  
18
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.31 g/cm3  
99+
5.91 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.02 g/cm3  
33
6.10 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
2.50 MPa  
21
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.01 (Pa)  
11
0.00 (Pa)  
15
Elasticity properties
  
  
Young's Modulus
11.00 GPa  
99+
9.80 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available  
0.47  
1
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
NA  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.31  
99+
5.91  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
83.70 nΩ·m  
34
270.00 nΩ·m  
15
Electrical Conductivity
0.12 106/cm Ω  
17
0.07 106/cm Ω  
29
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol  
31
28.90 kJ/mol  
31
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
0.37 J/(kg K)  
16
Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K  
25
25.86 J/mol·K  
35
Thermal Conductivity
81.80 W/m·K  
21
40.60 W/m·K  
34
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
32.10 µm/(m·K)  
9
18.00 µm/(m·K)  
24
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
226.40 kJ/mol  
40
256.10 kJ/mol  
36
Enthalpy of Fusion
3.28 kJ/mol  
99+
5.59 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
242.70 kJ/mol  
99+
276.10 kJ/mol  
39
Standard Molar Entropy
57.80 J/mol.K  
22
40.80 J/mol.K  
38
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