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Indium vs Gallium

Indium
Gallium
Gallium vs Indium


Periodic Table
Symbol
In   
Ga   
Group Number
13   
5
13   
5
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
p block   
p block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440746   
17
7440553   
32
Space Group Name
I4/mmm   
Cmca   
Space Group Number
139.00   
8
64.00   
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
  • Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
  
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter   
Lecoq de Boisbaudran   
Discovery
In 1863   
In 1875   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-8 %   
28
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
16
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
24
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
22
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
  • Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
  
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3   
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
156.61 °C   
99+
29.78 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,000.00 °C   
99+
2,403.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Silvery White   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
1.50   
18
Brinell Hardness
8.80 MPa   
99+
56.80 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
1,215.00 m/s   
99+
2,740.00 m/s   
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
In   
Ga   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35   
4
24   
15
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.78   
16
1.81   
15
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.14   
8
2.42   
2
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.49   
13
1.82   
1
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.76   
10
2.01   
5
Allen Electronegativity
1.66   
18
1.76   
14
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.22   
38
2.19   
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
558.30 kJ/mol   
99+
578.80 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,820.70 kJ/mol   
18
1,979.30 kJ/mol   
13
3rd Energy Level
2,704.00 kJ/mol   
39
2,963.00 kJ/mol   
28
4th Energy Level
5,210.00 kJ/mol   
17
6,180.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.43 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.87 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.12 eV   
24
4.20 eV   
23
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
49   
99+
31   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1   
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1   
Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)   
Orthorhombic (ORTH)   
Crystal Lattice
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Indium.jpg#100   
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
49   
99+
31   
99+
Number of Neutrons
66   
99+
39   
99+
Number of Electrons
49   
99+
31   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
167.00 pm   
24
135.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm   
99+
122.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
193.00 pm   
31
187.00 pm   
32
Atomic Weight
114.82 amu   
99+
69.72 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
15.70 cm3/mol   
33
11.80 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cadmium
  
Zinc
  
Next Element
Tin
  
Rubidium
  
Valence Electron Potential
54.00 (-eV)   
25
69.70 (-eV)   
19
Lattice Constant
325.23 pm   
99+
451.97 pm   
18
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.31 g/cm3   
99+
5.91 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.02 g/cm3   
33
6.10 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
2.50 MPa   
21
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.01 (Pa)   
11
0.00 (Pa)   
15
Elasticity properties
  
  
Young's Modulus
11.00 GPa   
99+
9.80 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.47   
1
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.31   
99+
5.91   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
83.70 nΩ·m   
34
270.00 nΩ·m   
15
Electrical Conductivity
0.12 106/cm Ω   
17
0.07 106/cm Ω   
29
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
27
0.37 J/(kg K)   
16
Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K   
25
25.86 J/mol·K   
35
Thermal Conductivity
81.80 W/m·K   
21
40.60 W/m·K   
34
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
32.10 µm/(m·K)   
9
18.00 µm/(m·K)   
24
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
226.40 kJ/mol   
40
256.10 kJ/mol   
36
Enthalpy of Fusion
3.28 kJ/mol   
99+
5.59 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
242.70 kJ/mol   
99+
276.10 kJ/mol   
39
Standard Molar Entropy
57.80 J/mol.K   
22
40.80 J/mol.K   
38
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