Iron

Promethium

Iron Promethium Comparison

Iron

Promethium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

8NA

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

f block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

Lanthanide

1.6 CAS Number

74398967440122

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Im_ 3m

Not Available

1.8 Space Group Number

229.00NA

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Iron is not always magnetic in nature, its allotrope are ferromagnetic and the B allotrope is nonmagnetic.
The blood consists Iron in hemoglobin molecules to transfer Oxygen in the body.

Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.

2.2 Sources

Earth's crust, Found in Minerals

Found in Minerals, Mining

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Unknown

Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe

2.3.2 Discovery

Before 5000 BC

In 1942

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

1.1 * 10^-1 %NA

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.1 %~-9999 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

22.00 %NA

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

6.30 %NA

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %NA

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.01 %NA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Iron metal alloy steel is used in the application of civil engineering and manufacturing.
Alloys of iron with nickel, vanadium, chromium, tungsten and manganese have very useful properties.

It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.

Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, Sculptures, Statues

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

447.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

380.00 p.p.m.NA

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,535.00 °C1,042.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

2,750.00 °C3,000.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Gray

Unknown

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

4.00NA

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

200.00 MPaNA

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

608.00 MPaNA

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

5,120.00 m/sNA

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

65.00 %NA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Ferrite (alpha Iron)

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

beta Iron

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

gamma Iron

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2627

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.83NA

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

2.20NA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.641.07

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.80NA

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.17NA

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

762.50 kJ/mol540.00 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,561.90 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

2,957.00 kJ/mol2,150.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

5,290.00 kJ/mol3,970.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

7,240.00 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

9,560.00 kJ/molNA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

12,060.00 kJ/molNA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

14,580.00 kJ/molNA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

22,540.00 kJ/molNA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

25,290.00 kJ/molNA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

28,000.00 kJ/molNA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

31,920.00 kJ/molNA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

34,830.00 kJ/molNA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

37,840.00 kJ/molNA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

44,100.00 kJ/molNA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

47,206.00 kJ/molNA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

122,200.00 kJ/molNA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

131,000.00 kJ/molNA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

140,500.00 kJ/molNA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

152,600.00 kJ/molNA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

163,000.00 kJ/molNA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

173,600.00 kJ/molNA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

188,100.00 kJ/molNA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

195,200.00 kJ/molNA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

0.69 g/amp-hr1.80 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

4.70 eVNA

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

2661

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d⁶ 4s²

[Xe] 4f⁵ 6s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

2661

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

3084

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

2661

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

126.00 pm183.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

132.00 pm199.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

200.00 pm236.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

55.85 amu145.00 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

7.10 cm3/mol22.39 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

67.00 (-eV)44.10 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

286.65 pmNA

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

Unknown

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

7.87 g/cm³7.26 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

6.98 g/cm3NA

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

11,000.00 MPaNA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)NA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

36.80 (Pa)NA

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

82.00 GPa18.00 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

170.00 GPa33.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

211.00 GPa46.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.290.28

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable, Weldable

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

7.207.26

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Ferromagnetic

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

6.3 * 10^-3 H/mNA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

2,00,000.00NA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

96.10 nΩ·m0.75 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.10 10⁶/cm ΩNA

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

15.70 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.44 J/(kg K)0.18 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

25.10 J/mol·KNA

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

80.40 W/m·K17.90 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

11.80 µm/(m·K)9.00 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

351.00 kJ/molNA

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

14.90 kJ/mol7.50 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

414.20 kJ/mol310.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

27.30 J/mol.KNA

9.5 198.1

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