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Iron Thulium Comparison

Iron
Thulium
Thulium Iron comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Fe  
Tm  
Group Number
8  
10
3  
15
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7439896  
99+
7440304  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Iron is not always magnetic in nature, its allotrope are ferromagnetic and the B allotrope is nonmagnetic.
  • The blood consists Iron in hemoglobin molecules to transfer Oxygen in the body.
  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Per Teodor Cleve  
Discovery
Before 5000 BC  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.11 %  
1
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Sun
0.10 %  
1
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Meteorites
22.00 %  
1
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
6.30 %  
2
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
12
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.01 %  
6
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Iron metal alloy steel is used in the application of civil engineering and manufacturing.
  • Alloys of iron with nickel, vanadium, chromium, tungsten and manganese have very useful properties.
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
447.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
3
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
380.00 p.p.m.  
5
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,535.00 °C  
25
1,545.00 °C  
23
Boiling Point
2,750.00 °C  
39
1,730.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
2.25  
16
Brinell Hardness
200.00 MPa  
99+
471.00 MPa  
30
Vickers Hardness
608.00 MPa  
27
520.00 MPa  
33
Speed of Sound
5,120.00 m/s  
12
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
35.00 %  
34
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
Ferrite (alpha Iron)  
-  
β Allotropes
beta Iron  
-  
γ Allotropes
gamma Iron  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Fe  
Tm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.83  
15
1.25  
36
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.25  
28
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.64  
9
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.83  
16
1.25  
35
Allen Electronegativity
1.80  
15
1.25  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.17  
99+
2.75  
19
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
762.50 kJ/mol  
17
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,561.90 kJ/mol  
37
1,160.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,957.00 kJ/mol  
29
2,285.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,290.00 kJ/mol  
25
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,240.00 kJ/mol  
25
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,560.00 kJ/mol  
20
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,060.00 kJ/mol  
15
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
14,580.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
22,540.00 kJ/mol  
5
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
25,290.00 kJ/mol  
8
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
28,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
31,920.00 kJ/mol  
31
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
34,830.00 kJ/mol  
9
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
37,840.00 kJ/mol  
11
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
35
15th Energy Level
44,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
47,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
36
17th Energy Level
122,200.00 kJ/mol  
1
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
131,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
140,500.00 kJ/mol  
3
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
152,600.00 kJ/mol  
5
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
163,000.00 kJ/mol  
5
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
173,600.00 kJ/mol  
4
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
188,100.00 kJ/mol  
4
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
195,200.00 kJ/mol  
1
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
762.00 kJ/mol  
15
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
762.50 kJ/mol  
15
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
762.50 kJ/mol  
14
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
762.50 kJ/mol  
20
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
762.50 kJ/mol  
20
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
762.00 kJ/mol  
15
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr  
30
Electron Work Function
4.70 eV  
15
2.40 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
26  
99+
69  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d6 4s2  
[Xe] 4f13 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
26  
99+
69  
99+
Number of Neutrons
30  
99+
100  
33
Number of Electrons
26  
99+
69  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
126.00 pm  
99+
176.00 pm  
20
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm  
99+
160.00 pm  
32
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
227.00 pm  
26
Atomic Weight
55.85 amu  
99+
168.93 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
7.10 cm3/mol  
99+
18.10 cm3/mol  
40
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Manganese
  
Erbium
  
Next Element
Cobalt
  
Ytterbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
67.00 (-eV)  
20
49.70 (-eV)  
29
Lattice Constant
286.65 pm  
99+
353.75 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.35  
99+
1.57  
40
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.87 g/cm3  
99+
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.98 g/cm3  
99+
8.56 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
11,000.00 MPa  
1
69.00 MPa  
32
Viscosity
0.00  
19
0.00  
19
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.06 (Pa)  
10
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
36.80 (Pa)  
5
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
82.00 GPa  
11
30.50 GPa  
26
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa  
10
44.50 GPa  
30
Young's Modulus
211.00 GPa  
9
74.00 GPa  
29
Poisson Ratio
0.29  
15
0.21  
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.20  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.01 H/m  
1
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
200,000.00  
1
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
96.10 nΩ·m  
32
676.00 nΩ·m  
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
24
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
15.70 kJ/mol  
40
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
Molar Heat Capacity
25.10 J/mol·K  
99+
27.03 J/mol·K  
28
Thermal Conductivity
80.40 W/m·K  
22
16.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,811.00 K  
29
1,818.00 K  
27
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
351.00 kJ/mol  
33
191.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.90 kJ/mol  
23
16.80 kJ/mol  
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
414.20 kJ/mol  
24
247.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
74.00 J/mol.K  
9
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