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Lanthanum vs Berkelium

Lanthanum
Berkelium
Berkelium vs Lanthanum


Periodic Table
Symbol
La   
Bk   
Group Number
Not Available   
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7439910   
99+
7440406   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Lanthanum metal is highly malleable, ductile and sectile.
  • If exposed to air Lanthanum metal oxidizes rapidly.
  
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander   
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Discovery
In 1838   
In 1949   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %   
25
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
32
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
19
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
29
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has no commercial uses, but its alloys are in high demand. Lanthanum and Nickel alloy is used for the hydrogen gas storage.
  • The best-known use for mischmetal alloy of Lanthanum is; as a ‘flints’ for cigarette lighters.
  
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing   
NA   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Unknown   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
0.08 p.p.m.   
24
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
920.00 °C   
99+
986.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,469.00 °C   
18
2,627.00 °C   
40
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
350.00 MPa   
30
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
360.00 MPa   
26
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,475.00 m/s   
37
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
La   
Bk   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31   
8
14   
25
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.10   
99+
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08   
31
1.20   
27
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.70   
1
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.90   
10
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
538.10 kJ/mol   
99+
601.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,067.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,186.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,850.30 kJ/mol   
99+
2,152.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,819.00 kJ/mol   
22
3,434.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
5,940.00 kJ/mol   
25
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.73 g/amp-hr   
99+
3.07 g/amp-hr   
16
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV   
31
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
57   
99+
97   
21
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 5d2 6s2   
[Rn] 5f9 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Lanthanum.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
57   
99+
97   
21
Number of Neutrons
82   
99+
150   
11
Number of Electrons
57   
99+
97   
21
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
187.00 pm   
8
170.00 pm   
22
Covalent Radius
207.00 pm   
6
Not Available   
Van der Waals Radius
240.00 pm   
13
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
138.91 amu   
99+
247.00 amu   
18
Atomic Volume
20.73 cm3/mol   
16
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Barium
  
Curium
  
Next Element
Cerium
  
Californium
  
Valence Electron Potential
40.71 (-eV)   
99+
45.50 (-eV)   
36
Lattice Constant
377.20 pm   
28
341.60 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.62   
2
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.16 g/cm3   
99+
14.78 g/cm3   
22
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.94 g/cm3   
99+
13.25 g/cm3   
11
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)   
15
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
14.30 GPa   
40
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
27.90 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
36.60 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
17
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.17   
99+
14.00   
14
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
615.00 nΩ·m   
7
Not Available   
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
48.00 kJ/mol   
23
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)   
32
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
27.11 J/mol·K   
21
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
13.40 W/m·K   
99+
10.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
12.10 µm/(m·K)   
32
Not Available   
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
399.60 kJ/mol   
17
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.20 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Atomization
431.00 kJ/mol   
16
Not Available   
Standard Molar Entropy
56.90 J/mol.K   
23
Not Available   
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