Lead Beryllium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb
Be
Group Number
14
4
2
16
Period Number
6
2
Block
p block
s block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Alkaline Earth
CAS Number
7439921
99+
7440417
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00
2
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
- Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
- Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
- It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
In 1797
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
1 * 10-7 %
23
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %
18
~0.00000001 %
29
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
23
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
26
0.00 %
35
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
22
0.00 %
39
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
8
0.00 %
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
- Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
- Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3
11
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
32
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.
10
0.00 p.p.m.
32
Physical Properties
Melting Point
327.50 °C
99+
1,278.00 °C
36
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C
99+
2,970.00 °C
32
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
White Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.50
18
5.50
7
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa
99+
590.00 MPa
21
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
1,670.00 MPa
4
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s
99+
12,890.00 m/s
2
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pb
Be
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
35
4
9
29
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87
13
1.57
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29
4
1.81
12
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55
11
1.47
14
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41
2
1.54
12
Allen Electronegativity
1.85
8
1.58
23
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67
99+
2.43
30
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol
31
899.50 kJ/mol
7
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol
99+
1,757.10 kJ/mol
23
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol
23
14,848.70 kJ/mol
2
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol
35
21,006.60 kJ/mol
2
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol
20
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr
9
0.17 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV
21
4.98 eV
6
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
82
34
4
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
[He] 2s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
82
34
4
99+
Number of Neutrons
125
19
5
99+
Number of Electrons
82
34
4
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm
19
112.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm
38
96.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm
27
153.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu
30
9.01 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol
27
5.00 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)
99+
82.00 (-eV)
15
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm
16
228.58 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.57
18
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3
33
1.85 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3
15
1.69 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa
20
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)
7
0.00 (Pa)
19
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa
99+
132.00 GPa
7
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa
24
130.00 GPa
13
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa
99+
287.00 GPa
7
Poisson Ratio
0.44
3
0.03
35
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.35
25
1.85
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m
16
36.00 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω
36
0.31 106/cm Ω
5
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol
28
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
1.82 J/(kg K)
2
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K
26
16.44 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K
38
200.00 W/m·K
6
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)
13
11.30 µm/(m·K)
34
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol
99+
294.70 kJ/mol
30
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol
99+
11.72 kJ/mol
30
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol
99+
326.40 kJ/mol
30
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K
17
9.50 J/mol.K
99+
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