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Lead Beryllium Comparison

Lead
Beryllium
Beryllium Lead comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb  
Be  
Group Number
14  
4
2  
16
Period Number
6  
2  
Block
p block  
s block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Alkaline Earth  
CAS Number
7439921  
99+
7440417  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
  • Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
  • It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
In 1797  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
29
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
39
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
22
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
  • Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
35
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
0.00 p.p.m.  
37
Physical
Melting Point
327.50 °C  
99+
1,278.00 °C  
36
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C  
99+
2,970.00 °C  
33
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
White Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
590.00 MPa  
25
Vickers Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
1,670.00 MPa  
9
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
12,890.00 m/s  
2
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.02  
14
1.56  
34
Reflectivity
5.00 %  
39
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pb  
Be  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
9  
29
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87  
14
1.57  
25
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29  
4
1.81  
15
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55  
12
1.47  
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41  
2
1.54  
24
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
11
1.58  
26
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67  
99+
2.43  
30
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
899.50 kJ/mol  
7
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,757.10 kJ/mol  
24
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
14,848.70 kJ/mol  
2
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21,006.60 kJ/mol  
2
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29,700.00 kJ/mol  
35
13th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
89,900.00 kJ/mol  
5
16th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
89,900.00 kJ/mol  
8
17th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
14
18th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
8,995.00 kJ/mol  
13
19th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
899.50 kJ/mol  
22
20th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
899.00 kJ/mol  
12
21st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
26
22nd Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
899.00 kJ/mol  
10
23rd Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
31
24th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
26th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
27th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
30th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
0.17 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV  
28
4.98 eV  
10
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
82  
34
4  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
[He] 2s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82  
34
4  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
5  
99+
Number of Electrons
82  
34
4  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm  
21
112.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
96.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm  
34
153.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu  
30
9.01 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
5.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Lithium
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Sodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
82.00 (-eV)  
15
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm  
18
228.58 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.51  
99+
1.57  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3  
35
1.85 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3  
36
1.69 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa  
99+
287.00 MPa  
16
Viscosity
0.00  
29
0.00  
17
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)  
7
0.00 (Pa)  
20
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa  
99+
132.00 GPa  
7
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
130.00 GPa  
13
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa  
99+
287.00 GPa  
7
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.03  
36
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35  
38
1.85  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
11
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
36.00 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.31 106/cm Ω  
5
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
1.82 J/(kg K)  
2
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
16.44 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K  
39
200.00 W/m·K  
6
Critical Temperature
600.61 K  
99+
1,551.00 K  
39
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
11.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
294.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
11.72 kJ/mol  
36
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
326.40 kJ/mol  
40
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
9.50 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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