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Lead Rubidium Comparison


Rubidium Lead comparison


Periodic Table

Symbol
Pb   
Rb   

Group Number
14   
4
1   
17

Period Number
6   
5   

Block
p block   
s block   

Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Alkali   

CAS Number
7439921   
99+
7440177   
99+

Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Im_ 3m   

Space Group Number
225.00   
2
229.00   
1

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  

Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Obtained from Lithium Production.   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
Unknown   
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff   

Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)   
In 1861   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
1 * 10-6 %   
16

Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %   
18
~0.000003 %   
17

Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
23
0.00 %   
19

Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
26
0.01 %   
18

Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
22
0.00 %   
7

Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
8
0.00 %   
7

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  

Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   

Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   

Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Research Purposes   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   

Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   

In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3   
11
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3   
7

In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.   
10
5.00 p.p.m.   
13

Physical Properties

Melting Point
327.50 °C   
99+
38.89 °C   
99+

Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C   
99+
688.00 °C   
99+

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Solid   

Color
Gray   
Grayish White   

Luster
Metallic   
NA   

Hardness
  
  

Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
0.30   
24

Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa   
99+
0.22 MPa   
99+

Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s   
99+
1,300.00 m/s   
99+

Optical Properties
  
  

Allotropes
No   
No   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Pb   
Rb   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
35   
4
29   
10

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
1.87   
13
0.82   
99+

Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29   
4
0.31   
32

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55   
11
0.89   
40

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41   
2
0.69   
24

Allen Electronegativity
1.85   
8
0.71   
99+

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
1.67   
99+
3.18   
3

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol   
31
403.00 kJ/mol   
99+

2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol   
99+
2,633.00 kJ/mol   
6

3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol   
23
3,860.00 kJ/mol   
11

4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol   
35
5,080.00 kJ/mol   
18

5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol   
20
6,850.00 kJ/mol   
19

6th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,140.00 kJ/mol   
20

7th Energy level
Not Available   
9,570.00 kJ/mol   
20

8th Energy Level
Not Available   
13,120.00 kJ/mol   
17

9th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,500.00 kJ/mol   
18

10th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,740.00 kJ/mol   
6

Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr   
9
3.19 g/amp-hr   
14

Electron Work Function
4.25 eV   
21
2.16 eV   
99+

Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
82   
34
37   
99+

Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2   
[Kr] 5s1   

Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   

Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
82   
34
37   
99+

Number of Neutrons
125   
19
48   
99+

Number of Electrons
82   
34
37   
99+

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
175.00 pm   
19
248.00 pm   
2

Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
220.00 pm   
4

Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm   
27
303.00 pm   
3

Atomic Weight
207.20 amu   
30
85.47 amu   
99+

Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol   
27
55.90 cm3/mol   
2

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Thallium
  
Gallium
  

Next Element
Bismuth
  
Strontium
  

Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)   
99+
9.47 (-eV)   
99+

Lattice Constant
495.08 pm   
16
558.50 pm   
10

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   

Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3   
33
1.53 g/cm3   
99+

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3   
15
1.46 g/cm3   
99+

Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa   
20
Not Available   

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)   
7
Not Available   

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa   
99+
Not Available   

Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa   
24
2.50 GPa   
99+

Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa   
99+
2.40 GPa   
99+

Poisson Ratio
0.44   
3
Not Available   

Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
11.35   
25
1.53   
99+

Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Poor Conductor   
Conductor   

Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m   
16
128.00 nΩ·m   
26

Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω   
36
0.08 106/cm Ω   
24

Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol   
28
46.90 kJ/mol   
24

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.36 J/(kg K)   
17

Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K   
26
31.06 J/mol·K   
5

Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K   
38
58.20 W/m·K   
26

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
2,093.00 K   
4

Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)   
13
90.00 µm/(m·K)   
2

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol   
99+
69.20 kJ/mol   
99+

Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol   
99+
2.19 kJ/mol   
99+

Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol   
99+
82.00 kJ/mol   
99+

Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K   
17
76.80 J/mol.K   
5

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