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Lead vs Rubidium

Lead
Rubidium
Rubidium vs Lead


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb   
Rb   
Group Number
14   
4
1   
17
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
p block   
s block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Alkali   
CAS Number
7439921   
99+
7440177   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Obtained from Lithium Production.   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff   
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %   
18
~0.000003 %   
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
23
0.00 %   
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
26
0.01 %   
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
22
0.00 %   
7
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
8
0.00 %   
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3   
11
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3   
7
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.   
10
5.00 p.p.m.   
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
327.50 °C   
99+
38.89 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C   
99+
688.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Grayish White   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
0.30   
24
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa   
99+
0.22 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s   
99+
1,300.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pb   
Rb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35   
4
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87   
13
0.82   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29   
4
0.31   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55   
11
0.89   
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41   
2
0.69   
24
Allen Electronegativity
1.85   
8
0.71   
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67   
99+
3.18   
3
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol   
31
403.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol   
99+
2,633.00 kJ/mol   
6
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol   
23
3,860.00 kJ/mol   
11
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol   
35
5,080.00 kJ/mol   
18
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol   
20
6,850.00 kJ/mol   
19
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,140.00 kJ/mol   
20
7th Energy level
Not Available   
9,570.00 kJ/mol   
20
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
13,120.00 kJ/mol   
17
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,500.00 kJ/mol   
18
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,740.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr   
9
3.19 g/amp-hr   
14
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV   
21
2.16 eV   
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
82   
34
37   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2   
[Kr] 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82   
34
37   
99+
Number of Neutrons
125   
19
48   
99+
Number of Electrons
82   
34
37   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm   
19
248.00 pm   
2
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
220.00 pm   
4
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm   
27
303.00 pm   
3
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu   
30
85.47 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol   
27
55.90 cm3/mol   
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Gallium
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Strontium
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)   
99+
9.47 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm   
16
558.50 pm   
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3   
33
1.53 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3   
15
1.46 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa   
20
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)   
7
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa   
24
2.50 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa   
99+
2.40 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.44   
3
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35   
25
1.53   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m   
16
128.00 nΩ·m   
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω   
36
0.08 106/cm Ω   
24
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol   
28
46.90 kJ/mol   
24
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.36 J/(kg K)   
17
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K   
26
31.06 J/mol·K   
5
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K   
38
58.20 W/m·K   
26
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
2,093.00 K   
4
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)   
13
90.00 µm/(m·K)   
2
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol   
99+
69.20 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol   
99+
2.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol   
99+
82.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K   
17
76.80 J/mol.K   
5
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