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Rubidium vs Lead

Rubidium
Lead
Lead vs Rubidium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rb  
Pb  
Group Number
1  
17
14  
4
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
s block  
p block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440177  
99+
7439921  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff  
-  
Discovery
In 1861  
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
18
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3  
7
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.  
13
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
Physical
Melting Point
38.89 °C  
99+
327.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
688.00 °C  
99+
1,740.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Grayish White  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.30  
26
1.50  
19
Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa  
99+
38.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
0.22 MPa  
99+
38.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s  
99+
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.54  
35
2.02  
14
Reflectivity
52.00 %  
29
5.00 %  
39
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rb  
Pb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
35  
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82  
99+
1.87  
14
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.31  
99+
2.29  
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.55  
12
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.69  
99+
2.41  
2
Allen Electronegativity
0.71  
99+
1.85  
11
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18  
3
1.67  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol  
6
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol  
11
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol  
28
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/mol  
31
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/mol  
31
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/mol  
20
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/mol  
17
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/mol  
18
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/mol  
6
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
11th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
12th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
14th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
16th Energy Level
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
17th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
18th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
19th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
20th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
21st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
23rd Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
25th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
26th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
27th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
28th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
29th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
30th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr  
16
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
Electron Work Function
2.16 eV  
99+
4.25 eV  
28
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
37  
99+
82  
34
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
37  
99+
82  
34
Number of Neutrons
48  
99+
125  
20
Number of Electrons
37  
99+
82  
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
248.00 pm  
3
175.00 pm  
21
Covalent Radius
220.00 pm  
4
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm  
4
202.00 pm  
34
Atomic Weight
85.47 amu  
99+
207.20 amu  
30
Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol  
3
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gallium
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Strontium
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)  
99+
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
558.50 pm  
11
495.08 pm  
18
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
28
1.51  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm3  
99+
11.34 g/cm3  
35
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.46 g/cm3  
99+
10.66 g/cm3  
36
Tensile Strength
30.00 MPa  
99+
12.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
29
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
1.64 (Pa)  
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
35
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.50 GPa  
99+
5.60 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa  
99+
16.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.44  
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.53  
99+
11.35  
38
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m  
26
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
29
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol  
29
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)  
17
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K  
7
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K  
26
35.30 W/m·K  
39
Critical Temperature
2,093.00 K  
18
600.61 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)  
2
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol  
99+
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol  
99+
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol  
99+
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K  
5
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
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