Rubidium vs Lead
Periodic Table
Symbol
Rb
Pb
Group Number
1
17
14
4
Period Number
5
6
Block
s block
p block
Element Family
Alkali
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440177
99+
7439921
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
229.00
1
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Unknown
Discovery
In 1861
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.000003 %
17
~0.000001 %
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
19
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
18
0.00 %
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
7
0.00 %
22
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
7
0.00 %
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
Industrial Uses
NA
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3
7
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3
11
In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.
13
30.00 p.p.m.
10
Physical Properties
Melting Point
38.89 °C
99+
327.50 °C
99+
Boiling Point
688.00 °C
99+
1,740.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Grayish White
Gray
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
0.30
24
1.50
18
Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa
99+
38.00 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s
99+
1,190.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Rb
Pb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
29
10
35
4
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82
99+
1.87
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.31
32
2.29
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.89
40
1.55
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.69
24
2.41
2
Allen Electronegativity
0.71
99+
1.85
8
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18
3
1.67
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol
99+
715.60 kJ/mol
31
2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol
6
1,450.50 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol
11
3,081.50 kJ/mol
23
4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol
18
4,083.00 kJ/mol
35
5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/mol
19
6,640.00 kJ/mol
20
6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/mol
20
Not Available
7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/mol
20
Not Available
8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/mol
17
Not Available
9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/mol
18
Not Available
10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr
14
3.87 g/amp-hr
9
Electron Work Function
2.16 eV
99+
4.25 eV
21
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
37
99+
82
34
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
37
99+
82
34
Number of Neutrons
48
99+
125
19
Number of Electrons
37
99+
82
34
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
248.00 pm
2
175.00 pm
19
Covalent Radius
220.00 pm
4
146.00 pm
38
Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm
3
202.00 pm
27
Atomic Weight
85.47 amu
99+
207.20 amu
30
Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol
2
18.17 cm3/mol
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)
99+
24.20 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
558.50 pm
10
495.08 pm
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm3
99+
11.34 g/cm3
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.46 g/cm3
99+
10.66 g/cm3
15
Tensile Strength
Not Available
12.00 MPa
20
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
1.64 (Pa)
7
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
5.60 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa
99+
46.00 GPa
24
Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa
99+
16.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.44
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
1.53
99+
11.35
25
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m
26
208.00 nΩ·m
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω
24
0.05 106/cm Ω
36
Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol
24
35.10 kJ/mol
28
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)
17
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K
5
26.65 J/mol·K
26
Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K
26
35.30 W/m·K
38
Critical Temperature
2,093.00 K
4
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)
2
28.90 µm/(m·K)
13
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol
99+
179.40 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol
99+
4.77 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol
99+
194.60 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K
5
64.80 J/mol.K
17
|
||
|
||
|
|
||
|
||
|