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Rubidium vs Polonium

Rubidium
Polonium
Polonium vs Rubidium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rb  
Po  
Group Number
1  
17
16  
2
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
s block  
p block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440177  
99+
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
17
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
19
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
18
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3  
7
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.  
13
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
38.89 °C  
99+
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
688.00 °C  
99+
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Grayish White  
Silver  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.30  
26
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa  
99+
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
0.22 MPa  
99+
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.54  
35
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
52.00 %  
29
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rb  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82  
99+
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.31  
99+
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.69  
99+
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
0.71  
99+
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18  
3
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol  
6
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol  
11
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol  
28
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/mol  
31
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/mol  
31
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/mol  
20
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/mol  
17
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/mol  
18
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/mol  
6
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr  
16
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
2.16 eV  
99+
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
37  
99+
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
37  
99+
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
48  
99+
125  
20
Number of Electrons
37  
99+
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
248.00 pm  
3
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
220.00 pm  
4
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm  
4
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
85.47 amu  
99+
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol  
3
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gallium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Strontium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)  
99+
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
558.50 pm  
11
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
28
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm3  
99+
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.46 g/cm3  
99+
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
30.00 MPa  
99+
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
35
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.50 GPa  
99+
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.53  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m  
26
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
29
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol  
29
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)  
17
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K  
7
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K  
26
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,093.00 K  
18
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)  
2
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol  
99+
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol  
99+
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K  
5
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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