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Polonium vs Rubidium

Polonium
Rubidium
Rubidium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po   
Rb   
Group Number
16   
2
1   
17
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
p block   
s block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Alkali   
CAS Number
7440086   
99+
7440177   
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
221.00   
3
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals   
Obtained from Lithium Production.   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff   
Discovery
In 1898   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.000003 %   
17
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.01 %   
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
7
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3   
7
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
5.00 p.p.m.   
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
254.00 °C   
99+
38.89 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
962.00 °C   
99+
688.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Grayish White   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
0.30   
24
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
0.22 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
1,300.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
Yes   
No   
α Allotropes
α-polonium   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
β-polonium   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Po   
Rb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29   
10
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00   
7
0.82   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.31   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76   
2
0.89   
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48   
1
0.69   
24
Allen Electronegativity
2.19   
2
0.71   
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00   
99+
3.18   
3
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
403.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
Not Available   
2,633.00 kJ/mol   
6
3rd Energy Level
Not Available   
3,860.00 kJ/mol   
11
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,080.00 kJ/mol   
18
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,850.00 kJ/mol   
19
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,140.00 kJ/mol   
20
7th Energy level
Not Available   
9,570.00 kJ/mol   
20
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
13,120.00 kJ/mol   
17
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,500.00 kJ/mol   
18
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,740.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
3.19 g/amp-hr   
14
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
2.16 eV   
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
84   
32
37   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
[Kr] 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84   
32
37   
99+
Number of Neutrons
125   
19
48   
99+
Number of Electrons
84   
32
37   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm   
23
248.00 pm   
2
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm   
99+
220.00 pm   
4
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm   
29
303.00 pm   
3
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu   
28
85.47 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
55.90 cm3/mol   
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Gallium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Strontium
  
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available   
9.47 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm   
99+
558.50 pm   
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
1.53 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3   
19
1.46 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
2.50 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
2.40 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
1.53   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
128.00 nΩ·m   
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω   
24
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
46.90 kJ/mol   
24
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.36 J/(kg K)   
17
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
31.06 J/mol·K   
5
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
58.20 W/m·K   
26
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
2,093.00 K   
4
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
90.00 µm/(m·K)   
2
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
69.20 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
2.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
82.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
76.80 J/mol.K   
5
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