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Lead vs Chromium

Lead
Chromium
Chromium vs Lead


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb   
Cr   
Group Number
14   
4
6   
12
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7439921   
99+
7440473   
39
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)   
In Between 1797 - 1798   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
1.5 * 10-3 %   
7
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %   
18
~0.002 %   
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
23
0.30 %   
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
26
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
22
0.00 %   
16
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
8
0.00 %   
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3   
11
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3   
12
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.   
10
0.33 p.p.m.   
21
Physical Properties
Melting Point
327.50 °C   
99+
1,857.00 °C   
14
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C   
99+
2,672.00 °C   
39
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
8.50   
1
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa   
99+
687.00 MPa   
16
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,060.00 MPa   
10
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s   
99+
5,940.00 m/s   
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pb   
Cr   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35   
4
21   
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87   
13
1.66   
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29   
4
1.66   
14
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55   
11
1.56   
10
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41   
2
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.85   
8
1.65   
19
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67   
99+
2.34   
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol   
31
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
1
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol   
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
1
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol   
23
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
1
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol   
35
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
1
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol   
20
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
7th Energy level
Not Available   
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
12
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
13
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
10
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
12
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
2
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
4
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
5
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
7
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
157,700.00 kJ/mol   
7
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
166,090.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr   
9
0.32 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV   
21
4.50 eV   
14
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
82   
34
24   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2   
[Ar] 3d5 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82   
34
24   
99+
Number of Neutrons
125   
19
28   
99+
Number of Electrons
82   
34
24   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm   
19
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm   
27
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu   
30
52.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol   
27
7.23 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)   
99+
170.00 (-eV)   
4
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm   
16
291.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3   
33
7.19 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3   
15
6.30 g/cm3   
40
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa   
20
689.00 MPa   
7
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)   
7
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
774.00 (Pa)   
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa   
99+
115.00 GPa   
9
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa   
24
160.00 GPa   
11
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa   
99+
279.00 GPa   
8
Poisson Ratio
0.44   
3
0.21   
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35   
25
7.19   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Antiferromagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor   
NA   
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m   
16
125.00 nΩ·m   
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω   
36
0.08 106/cm Ω   
25
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol   
28
64.30 kJ/mol   
15
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.45 J/(kg K)   
12
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K   
26
23.35 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K   
38
93.90 W/m·K   
17
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)   
13
4.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol   
99+
348.80 kJ/mol   
24
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol   
99+
15.31 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol   
99+
397.50 kJ/mol   
21
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K   
17
23.80 J/mol.K   
99+
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