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Chromium vs Polonium

Chromium
Polonium
Polonium vs Chromium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cr  
Po  
Group Number
6  
12
16  
2
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440473  
39
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
7
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.30 %  
7
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
13
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,857.00 °C  
14
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C  
99+
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
8.50  
1
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa  
18
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa  
17
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s  
8
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.97  
2
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cr  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
21  
18
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.66  
19
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.66  
17
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.56  
11
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.66  
19
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.65  
22
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.34  
36
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
24  
99+
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
24  
99+
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
28  
99+
125  
20
Number of Electrons
24  
99+
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
52.00 amu  
99+
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Vanadium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Manganese
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)  
4
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
291.00 pm  
99+
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
689.00 MPa  
7
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
26
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)  
1
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
115.00 GPa  
9
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa  
11
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa  
8
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
33
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.19  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
10
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K  
17
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,907.00 K  
24
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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