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Polonium vs Chromium

Polonium
Chromium
Chromium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Cr  
Group Number
16  
2
6  
12
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7440473  
39
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Discovery
In 1898  
In Between 1797 - 1798  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.30 %  
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
1,857.00 °C  
14
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
2,672.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
8.50  
1
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
687.00 MPa  
18
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
1,060.00 MPa  
17
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
5,940.00 m/s  
8
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
2.97  
2
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
-  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
Cr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
21  
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
1.66  
19
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
1.66  
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.56  
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
1.66  
19
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
1.65  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.34  
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
24  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
24  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
84  
32
24  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
52.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
170.00 (-eV)  
4
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
291.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
689.00 MPa  
7
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
26
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
774.00 (Pa)  
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
115.00 GPa  
9
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
279.00 GPa  
8
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.21  
33
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
7.19  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Antiferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
10
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
93.90 W/m·K  
17
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
1,907.00 K  
24
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
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